明代状元殿试策的策对艺术

The Art of Response to Policy Inquiry of Top Scholars in Final Imperial Examination of Ming Dynasty

作为明代科举考试最高层级的考试文体,殿试策论表层的话语方式与深层的文本结构关联着特定的政治文化结构。在政治话语权力的笼罩之下,士子要以进言方式达到资治效果,尤需讲究谋篇布局、论证方式、修辞技巧等策对艺术。明代状元殿试策论在颂美与讽喻总体平衡的前提下,表现出气盛言宜的书生意气;注重征经引史,酌古参今,形成博奥风貌和完整的逻辑结构;在具体对策的分析上,使用层次推衍的论证方式;行文风格简繁有致,铺排变化,呼应着明代科举文学与文化的风气变化趋势。

As the top-level examination style of the imperial examination in the Ming dynasty,the surface discourse mode of the response to the policy inquiry of top scholars and its deep text structure are related to the specific political and cultural structure.Under the influence of political discourse power,scholars needed to pay attention to the strategy and art of the layout,demonstration methods,rhetorical skills,etc.with a view to achieving the effect of governance in offering advice.On the premise of the overall balance between compliment and allegory,the response to the policy inquiry of the imperial examination of top scholars was supposed to show a positive scholar spirit;they emphasized collecting classics and introducing history,taking into account the past and the present,thereby forming a broad style and complete logical structure;in the analysis of specific countermeasures,the demonstration method of hierarchical derivation was used;the writing style was both simple or complicated with changes in the layout,thus echoing the changing trend of literature and cultural aura in the Ming dynasty imperial examination.