试论作为行政处罚的责令行为类型

A Study on The Types of Ordered Act as Administrative Penalty

责令行为作为一种常见的行政手段,在当前的行政规范体系中已然形成了一套特定的表达范式,集中表现为行政处罚、行政命令和行政强制三种情形,其中,作为行政处罚的责令行为基于丰富内涵和广泛实践而呈现出多元类型。解读2021年修订的《行政处罚法》,可将作为行政处罚的责令行为类型化为三种:一是经由第九条处罚种类条款直接规定在该条第三项当中的以“责令停产停业”为中心、包括“限制开展生产经营活动”“责令关闭”“限制从业”在内的指向生产经营性的具体列举责令行为;二是结合第二条行政处罚定义条款、第九条第六项种类兜底条款与第六条“处罚与教育相结合”的原则条款后得以界定的一系列未列举责令行为;三是第二十八条规定的“责令改正、责令退赔”行为,基于与行政处罚“同步”进行的属性,得以成为行政处罚本体的组成部分。

As a common administrative means,ordered act has formed a set of specific expression paradigms in the current system of the administrative regulations,which is mainly manifested as administrative punishment,admin⁃istrative order and administrative coercion.When it comes to an administrative punishment,ordered act presents mul⁃tiple types based on rich connotation and extensive practice.Ordered act as administrative penalty can be divided in⁃to three types by interpreting Administrative Punishment Law People's Republic China revised in 2021.The first types includes"order for suspension of production and business""restricting the development of production and busi⁃ness activities""ordering to close down"and"restricting employment"written in the Article 9,which are directed at production and operation.Then it follows with a series of unlisted ordered behaviors defined through Article 2,a con⁃ceptional clause,the miscellaneous provisions in Article 9 and the principle of"combining punishment and educa⁃tion"in Article 6.The last one is the behavior of"Charging Correction and ordering compensation"stipulated in Ar⁃ticle 28,which always goes with administrative penalties,leading to an integral part of the of administrative punish⁃ment itself.