中国生物多样性保护优先区域生物多样性调查和评估方法

Biodiversity survey and assessment methods in biodiversity conservation priority areas in China

我国高度重视生物多样性保护,而开展本底调查是生物多样性保护的基础。但以往研究对苔藓、生物多样性相关传统知识等关注不够,而且调查大部分集中在生物多样性丰富区域。随着我国社会经济的快速发展,全国土地利用格局和生态环境发生了巨大变化,已有的部分调查成果数据与实际情况不符,难以满足我国生物多样性保护管理需求,因此亟待组织开展全国生物多样性调查与评估工作。在整理历史和现有生物多样性调查技术的基础上,推荐采用网格法开展全国生物多样性调查,按照10 km×10 km分辨率,将全国划分为97109个调查网格;制定了陆生高等植物、植被、陆生哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖类和爬行类、昆虫、大型真菌、内陆鱼类、内陆浮游生物、内陆大型底栖无脊椎动物、内陆周丛藻类以及生物多样性相关传统知识12个类群县域生物多样性调查评估技术规定;建立了全国统一、动态更新、信息共享的生物多样性数据库和信息化管理平台。从调查内容规范、评估指标体系和技术要求等方面探讨了陆域生态系统与物种调查、重点河流水生生物调查、重点物种调查、生物多样性相关传统知识调查技术方法,并构建生物多样性综合评估指标体系,规范了生物多样性保护优先区域生物多样性调查和评估。技术方法在横断山南、武陵山、太行山、西双版纳等生物多样性保护优先区域得到应用,同时北京、江苏、浙江和湖北等省份和祁连山、武夷山等区域也采用该技术体系开展调查,网格法得到逐步推广,并获得大量的生物多样性基础数据,为我国生物多样性保护和可持续利用、生物多样性公约履约等提供了基础数据。

China pays high attention to biodiversity protection,and survey is the basis of biodiversity protection.Many biodiversity surveys were carried out by ministries,universities and scientific research institutions.However,surveys on the mosses and biodiversity related traditional knowledge were not pay enough attention in previous studies,and most of the surveys focused on rich biodiversity areas.With the rapid development of China′s economy,great changes have taken place in the national land use pattern and ecological environment.Some of the existed survey data are inconsistent with the actual distribution,which is difficult to meet the needs of biodiversity protection and management.Therefore,it is urgent to organize and carry out the biodiversity survey and assessment at national level.On the basis of sorting out the history and existing biodiversity survey methods,the grid method is recommended to the national biodiversity survey.The country is divided into 97109 survey grids according to the resolution by 10 km×10 km.12 technical guidelines for county biodiversity survey and assessment were formulated,including terrestrial higher plants,vegetation,terrestrial mammals,birds,amphibians and reptiles,insects,macrofungi,inland fish,inland plankton,inland macrobenthic invertebrates,inland Periphytic algae and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity.A national biodiversity database and information management platform have been established,which realizes the dynamic update of survey data and information sharing.A biodiversity survey APP with 23 modules has been developed,and it ensures the data electronization and standardization.The quality control such as field survey methods,species classification system,species scientific name and basic geographic information format were required.The survey technical methods,including land ecosystem and species survey,key river aquatic organisms survey,key species survey and biodiversity related traditional knowledge survey from the technical system construction,survey content standardization and evaluation index system and technical requirements were discussed.Meanwhile,the index system of biodiversity assessment is also discussed from the current situation,threat and protection.The technical system has been applied in some biodiversity conservation priority areas,such as the south of Hengduan Mountain,Wuling Mountain,Taihang Mountain,Qinling Mountain and Xishuangbanna.Moreover,the technical system has also been used in Beijing,Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Hubei provinces and Qilian Mountain,Wuyi Mountain and other regions.The grid method has been applied and a large number of basic biodiversity data have been obtained,which provides the basic data and technical support for China's biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.