基于多源遥感的贵州草海国家级自然保护区黑颈鹤生境适宜性评价

Habitat suitability evaluation of black-necked cranes based on multi-source remote sensing in Caohai National Nature Reserve,Guizhou

生境适宜性评价是保护和管理濒危物种的重要途径。已有研究中用于物种生境适宜性评价的环境变量数据多存在分辨率低精度不高的问题,在研究小尺度物种生境适宜性时误差较大。为解决这一问题,本文根据黑颈鹤的出现点数据与光学、雷达遥感数据及地形辅助数据得出栖息地与觅食地特征,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对草海越冬黑颈鹤细尺度的生境适宜性进行评价。结果显示:(1)运用多源遥感和地形辅助数据生成的环境变量结合MaxEnt预测黑颈鹤的栖息地与觅食地效果都较为优秀,两者受使用者工作特征曲线下的面积值(AUC)值均大于0.94;(2)距耕地距离、距水域距离、水深及距建筑距离是影响黑颈鹤栖息地主要环境因子,而影响觅食地分布的主要环境因子则是距耕地距离、优势植被、距建筑物距离和水深。(3)草海自然保护区黑颈鹤栖息地与觅食地的最适宜区和次适宜区面积较小,栖息地与觅食地最、次适宜区总和分别为6.404km^(2)与12.644 km^(2),占比仅为研究区的6.43%和12.69%。通过调查发现,当前自然保护区的人为干扰源主要是游客和当地的居民,潜在地威胁着黑颈鹤的栖息地和觅食地。因此,为了避免保护区黑颈鹤栖息地与觅食地的退化,提出在保护区划定指定的观鸟和拍摄地,增强游客和当地居民保护意识,禁止游客私自进入栖息地等建议,以期促进自然保护区黑颈鹤栖息地、觅食地和湿地的保护。

Habitat suitability assessment is an important way to protect and manage the endangered species.Most of the environmental variable data used to evaluate the habitat suitability of species in existing studies had the problem of low resolution and accuracy,and large errors as studying the habitat suitability of small-scale species.To resolve the issue,this paper used the black-necked crane′s emergence point data,optical,radar remote sensing data and terrain auxiliary data to obtain the characteristics of habitat and foraging area,and the maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model is used to evaluate the habitat suitability of wintering black-necked cranes in Caohai on a fine scale.The results showed that:(1)the use of environmental variables generated by multi-source remote sensing and terrain auxiliary data combined with the MaxEnt to predict the habitat and foraging area of black-necked cranes was excellent,and the Area Under Curve(AUC)values of both were greater than 0.94.(2)Distance to cultivated land,water,water depth and buildings distance were the main environmental factors affecting the habitat of black-necked cranes,while the main environmental factors that affect the distribution of foraging area were distance to the cultivated land,dominant vegetation,distance to buildings,and water depth.(3)The area of the most suitable area and sub-suitable area for the black-necked cranes habitat and foraging area in Caohai Nature Reserve was relatively small.The sum of the most and sub-suitable areas for habitat and foraging area is 6.404 km^(2)and 12.644 km^(2),respectively,accounting for only 6.43%and 12.69%of the surveyed area.Through investigations,it was found that the current sources of human disturbance in the nature reserve are mainly tourists and local residents,which potentially threaten the habitat and foraging area of black-necked cranes.Therefore,in order to avoid the degradation of the black-necked cranes habitat and foraging area in the nature reserve,this paper proposed some suggestions,such as to delineate the designated bird watching and shooting places in the nature reserve,enhance the protection awareness of tourists and local residents,and prohibit tourists from entering the habitat privately.These suggestions are expected to promote the protection of black-necked cranes habitat,foraging area and wetland in nature reserves.