主体的“自救”:论福柯对马可·奥勒留的挪用

"Self-help"of the Subject:On Foucault's Appropriation of Marcus Aurelius

关注思想家福柯晚期重要的研究转向——复归古典,是理解其伦理思想的关键。《主体解释学》中,福柯多次引述马可·奥勒留的文本,不断回溯至基督教以前的古罗马时期,对主体问题展开历史性追问。福柯在马可·奥勒留处理自我与他人关系的途径中获得启示,将关心自我目的化,以对抗权力之规训与理性主义笼罩下的虚无。通过挪用马可·奥勒留,福柯对古典时期的修身实践做出积极的重读:将自我从与他者严格的关系中释放;强调主体通过审视世界确立自身;在斯多葛学派“顺从”命运的法则中发现自身成长的契机,为主体找到“自救”之路。

Paying attention to the important research turn of the thinker Foucault in his later period—returning to the classics—is the key to understanding his ethical thoughts.In The Hermeneutics of the Subject,Foucault quoted the texts of Marcus Aurelius many times,and kept going back to the ancient Roman period before Christianity to make a historical inquiry about the subject matter.Foucault gained enlightenment from the way that Marcus Aurelius handled the relationship between self and others,and he aimed at self-care to fight against the discipline of power and nihility shrouded in rationalism.By appropriating Marcus Aurelius,Foucault made a positive re-reading of the practice of self-cultivation in the classical period:releasing the self from the strict relationship with the other,emphasizing that the subject established itself by examining the world,discovering the opportunities of self-growth in the Stoic school's rule of"obedience"to fate and finding the way for the subject to"self-help".