国际碳中和战略行动与科技布局分析及对我国的启示建议

Analysis of International Carbon Neutralization Strategic Actions and Technology Layout and Enlightenment Suggestions to China

实现碳达峰、碳中和是以习近平同志为核心的党中央做出的重大战略决策,将带来经济社会广泛而深刻的系统性变革。科技是支撑碳中和目标的核心驱动力。文章在梳理碳中和相关概念基础上,分析了发达国家/地区和国际组织碳中和的战略行动和科技布局特点,发现:各主要国家通过立法监管、能源战略、技术路线图、碳市场等政策行动全面推动碳中和目标;在科技方面,重点布局可再生能源、氢能、储能、先进核能、碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)等变革性绿色低碳技术,抢占未来绿色工业革命科技制高点。文章针对实现碳中和的“减排”和“增汇”两条根本路径,围绕“构建零碳能源体系”“再造低碳产业流程”“生态固碳增汇/负排放”三大方向提出了需要重点布局的14个重要科技问题研究,以引导超过70项关键技术突破。在分析碳中和国际行动和关键科技问题基础上,围绕加强碳达峰、碳中和行动顶层设计,强化面向碳中和的科技研发体系,建立零碳能源体系和新型电力系统,构建低碳产业体系,前瞻部署生态固碳等负排放技术,以及加强系统性解决方案在碳中和行动中的应用6个方面,提出了加强我国碳中和战略科技布局的建议。

Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals is a major strategic decision made by the Chinese government,which will bring extensive and profound systemic changes for the economy and society.S&T is the core driving force that supports the goal of carbon neutrality.On the basis of the related concepts of carbon neutrality,this study analyzes the strategic actions and the characteristics of technological layout of carbon neutrality in developed countries/regions and international organizations.Major countries have promoted carbon neutrality through legislative regulation,energy strategies,technology roadmaps,carbon markets and other policy actions.They focus on deploying transformative green low-carbon technologies,such as hydrogen,CCUS,renewable energy,energy storage,nuclear energy,and clean power,to seize the technological commanding heights of the future green industrial revolution.Based on the two fundamental paths of achieving carbon neutrality—“emission reduction”,“increasing sinks”,and three research directions—“building a zero-carbon energy system”,“rebuilding low-carbon industrial processes”,and“ecological carbon sequestration and increasing sinks/negative emissions”,this study puts forward 14 important scientific issues aiming to guide more than 70 key technological breakthroughs.On the basis of all findings,6 suggestions are proposed for China’s carbon neutrality strategy and technological layout as they are(1)strengthen the top-level design and scientific planning of the action plan for carbon neutrality;(2)accelerate the construction of the technology supporting system for carbon neutrality;(3)establish a zerocarbon energy system and a new power system;(4)accelerate the construction of the low-carbon industrial system;(5)promote the prospective applications of negative carbon emission technologies and the ecological carbon sequestrations;(6)Enhance the application of systematic solutions in carbon neutral strategic actions.