实现碳中和的市场机制与争取国际话语权重点方向

Market Mechanism and Focus of International Cooperation to Achieve Carbon Neutrality

市场机制是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的基础。通过市场机制,可以全局成本最低实现碳中和。因此,碳中和进程需要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。我国在各类市场机制方面已经探索并积累经验超过10年,建立了碳市场、绿色电力证书市场、节能量交易市场(即白色证书市场,本文中二者等同)、用能权市场等,同时电力系统也在加大市场化改革的力度。但各市场之间仍然存在制度的不完善和冲突,亟待对这些市场进行理顺,使其能够最大效应发挥协同作用。文章梳理并分析了现有市场机制的现状和之间的关系,阐述了其中的冲突和交叠;在此基础上,提出应该尽快将用能权市场、节能量交易市场等进行合并,对绿证市场和碳市场进行统一,并充分考虑电力系统的市场化进程,令市场机制提高经济效率和减排效果。此外,随着市场机制、供应链全球化和去全球化的演变,对外合作的话语权变得尤为重要。文章进一步从厘清碳责任、加强碳中和对外合作和传播话语权出发,分析了生产端责任和消费端责任2种基本模式;同时,发现全球碳排放中,中国的排放主要集中在生产端,西方发达国家(特别是美国)的排放更多集中在消费端。基于此,认为在全球碳责任划定问题上中国应当坚持采取“受益者付费”的消费端责任原则,并提出以科研为先导加强发展中国家碳中和国际合作,以及全面考量碳排放权利完善新型碳中和传播体系的政策建议。

The market mechanism is the basis for achieving carbon neutrality.Through the market mechanism,the global cost can be the lowest to achieve carbon neutrality.Therefore,in the process of carbon neutralization,it is necessary to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation.China has explored and accumulated experience in various market mechanisms for more than 10 years,and has established the carbon market,green certificate market,white certificate market,energy market,etc.At the same time,the power system is also strengthening market-oriented reform.Nevertheless,there are still imperfect systems and conflicts among various markets.Therefore,it is urgent to straighten out these markets so that they can play a synergistic role with maximum effect.This study combed and analyzed the current situation of the existing market mechanism and the relationship in between,then expounded the conflict and overlapping.On this basis,it is put forward that the energy-use rights market and the energy-saving market should be merged as soon as possible,the green certificate market and the carbon market should be unified,and the marketization process of the power system should be fully considered,so that the market mechanism can improve economic efficiency and emission reduction effects.In addition,with the evolution of globalization and deglobalization of market mechanism and supply chain,the voice during international cooperation becomes particularly important.Starting from clarifying carbon responsibility,strengthening the voice during international cooperation and carbon neutrality,this study analyzed the two basic modes of production responsibility and consumption responsibility,and held that the global carbon emission situation has undergone important changes.China’s emissions are mainly concentrated on the production side,and the emissions of western developed countries(especially the United States)are more concentrated on the consumption side.Based on this,it is considered that China should adhere to the consumer responsibility principle of“beneficiary pays”,and put forward policy suggestions on strengthening international cooperation in carbon neutralization in developing countries with scientific research as the guide,comprehensively considering carbon emission rights and improving the new carbon neutralization communication system.