锂离子电池安全性保护措施研究进展

Safety Protection Measures for Lithium Ion Batteries:An Overview and Outlook

锂离子电池最常见的安全性问题主要出现在电解液和隔膜.热失控是导致锂离子电池产生安全事故的主要原因.改变电解液组分、增加电解液组分、引入阻燃添加剂等措施,能够有效缓解并抑制热效应,降低可燃性.改性聚烯烃隔膜是提高隔膜热稳定性的简单方法,使用高熔点的聚合物或无机材料对隔膜进行修饰,其本质类似于给隔膜穿上一层“外骨骼”,用来抵御热冲击和机械冲击.隔膜在保证具备基本功能的同时,还要更加环保,逐步转向可持续的生物质材料.本文针对近年来锂离子电池的安全保护措施进行了综述,主要包括近几年内部保护措施和外部保护措施的相关研究和探索方面的成果.详细介绍了最近报道的不易燃电解液、阻燃添加剂、隔膜、正极材料、限流设备和电池管理系统的作用机理和研究进展,并展望了未来锂离子电池安全性研究的发展方向.

The most common safety problems of lithium-ion batteries mainly exist in electrolyte and diaphragm.Thermal runaway is the main cause of safety accidents of lithium-ion batteries.Changing electrolyte composition,increasing electrolyte composition,and introducing flame retardant additives can effectively alleviate and inhibit thermal effect and reduce flammability.Modification of polyolefin membrane is a simple method for improving the thermal stability of the membrane.The membrane is modified with high melting point polymer or inorganic materials.Its essence is similar to putting an“exoskeleton”on the membrane to resist thermal shock and mechanical shock.While ensuring the basic functions,the diaphragm should be more environmentally friendly and gradually turn to sustainable biomass materials.This review summarizes the safety protection measures of lithium-ion battery in recent years,mainly including the research and exploration results of internal and external protection measures in recent years.The action mechanism and research progress of nonflammable electrolyte,flame retardant additives,diaphragm,cathode materials,current limiting equipment,and battery management system reported recently are discussed in detail,and the development direction of lithium-ion battery safety research in the future is prospected.