Improvement of glucosinolates by metabolic engineering in Brassica crops

Glucosinolates(GSLs)are a class of sulfur-and nitrogen-containing and amino acid-derived important secondary metabolites,which mainly present in plants of Brassicaceae family,including Brassica crops,such as broccoli,cabbage,and oilseed rape.The bioactive GSL meta bolites confer benefits to plant defense,human health,and the unique flavor of some Brassica crops.However,certain GSL profiles have adverse effects and are known as anti-nutritional factors.This has attracted mounting attempts to increase beneficial GSLs and reduce detrimental ones in the most commonly consumed Brassica crops.We provide a comprehensive overview of metabolic engineering applied in Brassica crops to achieve this purpose,including modulation of GSL biosynthesis,ablation of GSL hydrolysis,inhibition of GSL transport processes,and redirection of meta bolic flux to GSL.Moreover,advances in omics approaches,i.e,genomics,transcriptome,and metabolome,applied in the elucidation of GSL metabolism in Brassica crops,as well as promising and potential genome-editing technologies are also discussed.