创业的性别差异如何受住房自有产权的影响

How Does Home Ownership Affect the Gender Differences in Entrepreneurship?

女性在创业上的低参与率是导致两性在经济资本和社会地位上存在差距的重要原因,之前国内外很多文献已经给予关注,但目前文献中还没有结合住房视角的研究。本文首先基于国家统计局的中国城镇住户调查(UHS)数据,发现不仅女性较男性呈现更低的创业率,而且在拥有住房自有产权条件下女性创业率较男性更低。这一观察结果在采用面板数据模型与工具变量法等克服内生性的方法后仍然保持稳健,也在不同来源的样本数据中保持一致。从家庭分工理论出发,本文对这一现象给予了解释,指出住房自有产权的获得会不对称地增加女性与住房相关的家务劳动时间投入,从而不对称地提高女性参与创业的成本。进一步的研究发现,住房自有产权抑制了已婚女性的创业,但没有抑制未婚女性的创业,已婚女性也确实在获得住房自有产权后增加了家务劳动,本文的研究为这一机制提供了证明。据此,本文提出要加强对女性的社会支持,缓解家务劳动对女性参与创业的束缚,在提高全民创业率的同时促进性别角度的社会平衡发展。

The low participation rate of women in entrepreneurship is an important reason for the gender gap in economic capital and social status,as a lot of research literature published at home and abroad finds,but none of it examines the phenomenon from the perspective of home ownership.Firstly,based on the China Urban Household Survey(UHS) data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics,this paper finds that not only there are fewer female entrepreneurs than male ones,but also the gender gap widens in the cohort of home owners.This observation remains robust after using methods such as the panel data model and instrumental variable method to overcome endogeneity,and is also consistent in sample data from different sources.This paper starts by explaining this phenomenon with the theory of domestic labor division,and points out that home ownership will increase women’s input in housework,and thus asymmetrically increase their cost of participation in entrepreneurship.Further research finds that home ownership inhibits the entrepreneurship of married women,but not unmarried women.Married women tend to spend more time doing housework in homes they own,as evidenced by our research in this paper.Therefore,this paper proposes to strengthen social support for women,reduce the constraints of housework on women’s participation in entrepreneurship,and promote balanced social development from the gender perspective while improving the entrepreneurship participation rate of the whole society.