“边界”的诞生:制图技术如何塑造国家主权的领土化

The Birth of “Borders”: How Cartographic Technology Shapes the Territorialization of State Sovereignty

1659年的法国-西班牙和谈与《比利牛斯条约》的签订,标志着三十年战争之后一种新的国家间关系开始在欧洲形成。它既仰赖主权原则在空间上的领土化,又实际依托于操作层面的勘界机制与制图技术。在外部,边境谈判与领土划分中伴随着军事、历史与科学地图的使用,勘界的本质就是新型权力技术所促成的法理空间分配。在内部,多元性、异质化、碎片状的土地与权利关系让位于统一、匀质的领土型权威,国土管理与区划整合的背后是中央集权的制度创新及其技术实践。在此基础上,“划界型主权”扭转了传统的教会、帝国与封建性意识,催生了空间上自成一体、国与国之间存在着数学般精确的疆界以及中央集权的和普遍理性化的统一体,即“领土型国家”。它代表着新型的空间秩序与政治文化,不仅形塑了威斯特伐利亚体系以来的国际格局,而且构成了一种影响深远的外交规则及工作惯例。

The Franco-Spanish negotiations in 1659 and the Treaty of the Pyrenees marked the beginning of a relationship between states in Europe after the Thirty Years’ War. This was owing to the territorialization of the sovereignty in space while in practice relied on border mechanisms and cartographic techniques. Externally, territorial negotiation and delimitation were accompanied by the use of military, historical and scientific maps. The essence of the demarcation itself was a jurisdiction-spatial distribution made possible by new technologies of power. Internally, pluralistic, heterogeneous, and fragmented land, along with traditional rights and relations on it, gave way to a unified and homogeneous territorial authority. Behind the management of territory and integration of administration, there was institutional innovation and technical practice of a centralized state. On this basis, compartmentalized sovereignty reverses the traditional ecclesiastical, imperial, and feudal cognitions and gives rise to “a spatially self-contained, mathematically precise boundary between states, and a centralized and generally rationalized unity,” i.e., the territorial state. It represents a new spatial order and political culture that has not only shaped the international landscape since Westphalia, but also constitutes a far-reaching diplomatic rule and working practice.