1952-1958年赵县安济桥修缮工程回顾

Review of the Renovation Project of Anji Bridge in Zhaoxian County from 1952 to 1958

1952-1958年赵县安济桥修缮工程,在中国文物保护史上占有重要的地位。新中国成立初期,在中央人民政府文化部的直接领导下,汇集了文物保护工程和桥梁工程专家,对安济桥开展了详尽的勘察,经过多次争论和反复沟通,不断完善修缮技术方案。安济桥修缮工程采用压力灌浆和在主券石上浇筑钢筋混凝土盖板的方法加固拱券,并修复塌毁的东侧石券,更换破损的小券石,新制伏石、仰天石和桥面石,根据对崩落到河床中的栏板进行深入发掘和研究,确定栏板和望柱的题材和排列方式,并用新石料制作和安装。由于在修缮工程中补配了大量的新石料,引发了关于文物保护“新”与“旧”的争议,梁思成先生为此提出了在古建筑修缮中要体现“整旧如旧”的思想。本文在对历史档案及文献资料整理的基础上,对修缮工程方案的最终确定和工程的具体实施进行了回顾,并就相关的工程技术问题进行了探讨,认为安济桥修缮工程是在特定技术条件和历史背景下实施的一项古建筑修缮工程,存在着一些历史局限性,但对现在的文物保护工程依然有很好的借鉴意义。

Situated in Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province, Anji Bridge dates back to the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty(605–618).As the oldest and best-preserved open-spandrel segmental stone arch bridge with the longest span in the world, it has a far-reaching impact on the bridge construction of later generations across the world. Throughout history, Anji Bridge had been hit hard by frequent floods and earthquakes and damaged during wartime.During the renovation project of Anji Bridge from 1952 to 1958, the Beijing Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Relics was responsible for arrangement of the survey and preliminary design of the project, as well as the investigation, design and installation of the guardrail panels. In addition, the Zhaoxian Anji Bridge Renovation Committee was established in Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province with the Hebei Provincial Highway Administration Bureau in charge of the design and construction of bridge reinforcement.In the process of designing and constructing the renovation project, Chinese experts on cultural heritage conservation and those on bridge engineering carried out a detailed survey of the bridge and constantly improved the technical solutions through many discussions. Finally, the installation of the bridge structure and that of the guardrail panels were completed in November 1956 and November 1958, respectively.In the renovation project of Anji Bridge, the arches were consolidated by means of pressure grouting and concreting reinforced concrete slabs on the keystones, the collapsed voussoirs on the east side were restored and the damaged minor voussoirs were replaced. Several stone components, including those under the guardrails(Difushi), those at either side of the bridge(Yangtianshi), and those on the bridge floor(Qiaomianshi), were reproduced. After in-depth excavation and study of the guardrail panels from the riverbed, the theme and arrangement of the guardrail panels and pillars were ascertained, and accordingly they were reproduced with new stone materials and installed. The addition of a large number of new stone materials to the bridge in the renovation project also triggered the controversy between “new” and “old” in the protection of cultural heritage. Therefore, Mr. Liang Sicheng put forward the idea of renovating the old as old(namely, renovating ancient buildings while retaining their original style).Based on the comprehensive collation and study of archives on the renovation project of Anji Bridge which are collected at the Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, this paper briefly introduces the architecture of the bridge and its state of preservation before the renovation, and reviews the formation of the relevant design scheme and implementation of the project. Meanwhile, in view of disputes over the project, this paper analyzes various insurmountable technical difficulties within the project, and suggests that the relevant analyses and understanding should be conducted from the perspective of the times.