线索有效性对社会性注意和外源性注意的影响

The Influence of Cue Validity on Social Attention and Exogenous Attention

目的眼睛注视、头朝向和生物运动方向等社会性线索,对人类的生存和社会交互极为重要。由于社会性线索和外周线索都具有反射性注意定向这一特点,社会性注意往往也被认为属于外源性注意。但是,外源性注意并不能完全解释所有的社会性注意现象。因此,两者是否具有相同的加工机制,尚存在争论。方法本研究使用空间线索范式,系统考察了线索有效性(目标出现在被提示位置的概率)分别对注视线索触发的社会性注意和外周线索触发的外源性注意的影响。结果实验结果发现,随着线索有效性的增加,注视线索和外周线索的线索效应都增强。当线索有效性为0.5或0.8时,两种注意类型的注意效应没有显著性差异。但当线索有效性为0.2时,即线索具有反向预测性时,注视线索与外周线索的线索效应表现出显著差异。注视线索的注意效应仅表现出削弱,但外周线索引发的外源性注意则反而表现出抑制效应,表明社会性注意和经典外源性注意在加工机制上存在不同。结论本研究提供了新的证据表明两种注意过程在和主动注意的交互作用方面存在明显不同,支持两种注意过程至少在一些加工阶段存在相对独立的加工机制的假设,同时也提供了一种从主动注意调节的角度区分两种注意定向过程的新方法。

Objective Social cues such as eye gaze,head direction,and walking direction of biological motion are critical for human survival and social interaction.Since social and peripheral cues both have reflexive characteristics of attentional orientation,social attention is often regarded as one kind of exogenous attention.However,empirical evidence suggests that this explanation cannot fully account for all phenomena of social attention.Whether social attention and exogenous attention possess the same mechanism remains unclear.Methods Here,we used a typical spatial cueing paradigm to systematically examine the effects of cue validity on social attention and exogenous attention,triggered by eye gaze and peripheral cues,respectively.Results The results showed that both kinds of attention were affected by cue validity.With the increase of cue validity,the attention effects of eye gaze and peripheral cues increased.When the cue validity was noninformative(0.5)or strongly predictive(0.8),there was no significant difference in the attentional effects between social attention and exogenous attention.More importantly,however,when the cue validity was 0.2(i.e.,counterpredictive),the attentional effects of both cues were significantly different.While the facilitation effects of the eye gaze cue were weakened,the attentional effects of the peripheral cue were reversed and showed an inhibition pattern,suggesting that gaze-triggered attention is more strongly reflexive than exogenous attention orienting.Conclusion Our finding thus provides new evidence supporting the theoretical hypothesis that there exist significant differences between social attention and classical exogenous attention,at least in certain stages of their processing.Our study also offers a new method to distinguish social attention and exogenous attention through voluntary attentional control.