中古墓室壁画的改绘现象

On The Re-Muraled Chambered-Tombs in Medieval China

墓室壁画不只是对墓壁的装饰,更是对墓内礼仪空间的塑造,因此每个时期的墓葬都有较为固定的壁画图式、较为清晰的叙事主题和逻辑。北朝壁画图式有单人葬和合葬的区别,唐代壁画图式的差异则是由于墓主身份等级和时代的区别,画工会根据丧家意愿来选择不同的图式。但在考古发现的壁画遗存中,也常见一些逻辑较为混乱、主题较为模糊的反常现象,它们可能是壁画改绘的结果。壁画的改绘现象与丧葬行为有关,合葬是壁画改绘的重要原因,体现了合葬仪式中的性别观和尊卑观;此外,对前代建材的改造、画工失误等也会导致改绘。

The tomb mural was to build up a ritual chambered-tomb space more than decorate the walls inside. Yet the narrative motifs of every period through dynasties varied thematically and logically with their special schemas different from each other. This paper takes the chambered tombs of the Northern and the Tang Dynasties for probe into the formalized motifs and the ones that did not present as conventional. The Northern dynasty had two motifs applied to the single-buried tomb and the joint-buried tomb respectively, whereas the Tang dynasty had a relative diversity of motifs representing the tomb masters of classes and periods. Whatever motif was chosen by the painter was actually decided by the deceased or the bereaved, that is, the mural illustration was completed in accordance with the wishes of him or his family. However, archaeological excavations have found the survival murals not all subject to the formalized schema, some of which depict confusing logic and theme probably as the result of the fact that they were once re-muraled for some reasons. The re-muraled chambered-tomb was usually related to burial practice, a case in point is the joint-tomb that expressed the ideas on gender and hierarchy with the illustrative presentation. Also, the repainted murals probably resulted from the repairment of the construction as well as the drawing errors of the artists, either.