14世纪末朝鲜朝文人权近《应制诗》中的中国形象书写

The Image of China in Korean Classical Literati Kwon Geun’s Ordered Poems in Late 14th Century

1396年朝鲜朝文人权近访明,遵照明太祖朱元璋的旨意创作《应制诗》24首,将明王朝塑造为“同文轨”“最好游观”的“上国”,表达出对明朝政治、文化及现实实力的认同,反映出权近一贯的对明认识。该形象主要源于书写主体--朝鲜民族社会集体体验和记忆及作者个人的对华体验与认知。长期奉行封贡制度、实施科举制度使朝鲜民族自然而然地实现了对中国政治和文化的认同,作者权近亲明的政治倾向、深厚的中国文化素养以及两次访明的正面体验促使其更为鲜明地书写出这一中国形象。明太祖朱元璋直接促成了该形象的书写,并对满足自身期待的作品做出积极反馈,为推动权近《应制诗》成为朝鲜王朝文学典范并引领中国形象书写发挥了作用。

In 1396,Kwon Geun,a literati of the Joseon Dynasty(a historical dynasty on the Korean peninsula,1392-1910),was sent to China in the Ming Dynasty on a diplomatic mission and wrote 24 Ordered Poems(eulogistic poems written following the order of the emperor)in accordance with the order of Zhu Yuanzhang,the founding Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty.In his poems,the Ming Dynasty was depicted as a unified and powerful state,reflecting his recognition towards national power and consistent understanding of China.The image is mainly derived from the collective experience and memory of the Korean society,which is the writing subject,and the author’s personal experiences and cognition of China.The long-term adherence to the tribute system and the imperial examination system enabled the Korean nation to naturally realize the identification of Chinese politics and culture.The image of China in Kwon Geun’s poems indicates his two positive visits to China,pro-Ming political inclination and profound Chinese cultural literacy.Moreover,the positive feedbacks of Hongwu Emperor directly contributed to the writing of the ordered poems,which played a role in promoting Kwon Geun’s Ordered Poems to become a model of Korean classical literature and the positive image of China.