创伤的必然与复原的限度——对心理创伤进行复原的思考

The Inevitability of Trauma and the Limit of Recovery

创伤是弗洛伊德借自医学的概念。他保留了创伤原有的基本含义,但将其作用面转至精神层面。在精神分析理论的发展中,弗洛伊德强调了精神创伤的两个特性:创伤总是事后的;幻想带来创伤。弗洛伊德在理论后期,不再将创伤理论局限于神经症的形成问题上,而将之归结为新生儿的无助状态,因而个体创伤具有必然性。温尼柯特也认为人生之初的情境与创伤紧紧相连。幼儿的成长必然暴露在创伤的产生机制中,是否是病理性的创伤,只在于环境中的冲击是否过度。拉康认为主体与镜像我之间存在着冲突,幻想在于调和冲突,幻想不能完成的结果即是创伤。而这种冲突的不可调和性也说明创伤是必然的。创伤复原的限度涉及两个方面:一方面,复原是有限的,其有限性要求主体接受自己的境地;另一方面,复原是超越限度的,复原不是回归过去,而是穿越幻想,打破冲动的重复,进入创造的可能。

Trauma is a concept that Freud borrowed from medicine.He retained the original basic meaning of trauma,but replaced its role to the spiritual level.In the development of psychoanalytic theory,Freud emphasized two characteristics of mental trauma:trauma is always after the event;Fantasy brings trauma.In the later stage of Freud's theory,he no longer limited the trauma theory to the formation of neurosis,but attributed it to the helplessness of newborns,so individual trauma is inevitable.Winnicott also believes that the situation at the beginning of life is closely related to trauma.The growth of young children must be exposed to the mechanism of trauma.Whether it is pathological trauma only depends on whether the impact in the environment is excessive.Lacan believes that there is a conflict between the subject and the mirror self.Fantasy lies in mediating the conflict.The result that fantasy cannot be completed is trauma.The irreconcilability of this conflict shows that trauma is inevitable.The limitation of trauma recovery involves two aspects:on the one hand,recovery is limited,and its limitation requires the subject to accept his own situation.On the other hand,restoration is transcendence.Restoration is not a return to the past,but a possibility to go through fantasy,break the repetition of impulse and enter creation.