论明代漕运“随船土宜”政策的实施与调整

On the Implementation and Adjustment of the Policy of“Local Specialties in Shipping”in Water Transport in the Ming Dynasty

漕运乃国家重务,但明初漕运过程中却存在着漕船普遍携带私货、运粮人员沿途售卖货物以期获利、漕粮运输效率低下等问题。随船土宜政策意在解决以上问题,然而在其出台之后,不仅运粮兵丁备受盘剥、运河河道漕船拥堵不前等现象依旧存在,还出现了漕船携带土宜货量超额、漕船附带商货、官员督查不严,甚至漕运官员相互通融互利等现象。对此,明朝廷通过严行律法、权责分明、责任到司、跨地区交叉检查监督等举措,不断调整随船土宜政策,在一定程度上丰富了南北方物产交流,并繁盛了明代运河沿线经济。

Water transport is a national priority,but in the process of water transport in the early Ming Dynasty,there were some problems,such as the common carrying of private goods by water transport ships,the sale of goods by grain transport personnel in order to make profits,and the low efficiency of water transport.The policy of“Local Specialties in Shipping”is intended to solve the above problems.However,after its introduction,not only the soldiers of grain transportation are exploited and the water tankers in the canal river are still blocked,but also there are some phenomena,such as the excessive amount of land suitable goods carried by water tankers,the attached commercial goods of water tankers,the lax supervision of officials,and even the mutual accommodation and mutual benefit of water transport officials.In this regard,the Ming Court continuously adjusted the policy of“adapting to the ship and the land”through strict enforcement of laws,clear rights and responsibilities,responsibility to the Department,cross regional inspection,and supervision,which enriched the exchange of products between the South and the North to a certain extent and prospered the economy along the canal in the Ming Dynasty.