富兰克林·罗斯福政府对美国海洋自由观的重塑及其历史影响

The Reshaping of America’s Idea on the Freedom of the Seas by the Franklin Roosevelt Administration and the Corresponding Historical Influence

在海洋自由政策观念陷入分裂和战争来临的形势下,富兰克林·罗斯福政府因势利导,实现了对美国海洋自由观的全面重塑,即在国家国际角色定位上实现了从中立国到交战国再到世界领袖的转变,在利益意涵界定上实现了从狭窄的海上私人财产豁免原则到广泛的航行自由原则的拓展,在具体政策实践上实现了从反对潜艇战到实施潜艇战的逆转。这种语境重塑和政策行动转变产生了深远而复杂的历史影响,不仅有助于美国取得太平洋战争的胜利,而且适应了战后美国国际角色定位、国家实力和国家利益的变化,开辟了将“军事航行自由”确立为美国海洋自由政策核心诉求的道路。但无论海洋自由原则如何被改造和重塑,其服务于美国自身利益的目的和本质不会变,其单边主义和实用主义的底色不会变。

Under the situation of the division of policy idea concerning the freedom of the seas and the coming of war,the Franklin Roosevelt Administration made best use of the circumstances and reshaped America’s idea on the freedom of the seas. More specifically,neutral-commerce discourse was replaced by belligerent( world leader)-strategy and security discourse in the policy context of ‘freedom of the seas’,the doctrine of exemption of private property at sea was replaced by the doctrine of freedom of navigation in the aspect of vital interest claim,and the reversal of the opposition of submarine warfare to the conduct of submarine warfare realised from the aspect of the specific policy practice. This discourse reshaping and policy transformation had profound and complex historical influences,which not only contributed to the victory of the Pacific War for the United States,but also adapted to the changes in the international status,international role positioning and national interests of the United States,breaking a path for the establishment of freedom of navigation for warships as a central demand of America’s policy on the freedom of the seas. However,no matter how the principle of the freedom of the seas was transformed and reshaped,its purpose and nature of serving the interests of the United States will not change,as well as its unilateralism and pragmatism.