宪法上的动物保护:现状、期待与回应

Animal Protection in the Constitution of China:Current Situation,Expectation and Response

我国宪法仅明文确立了生态性而非伦理性动物保护的国家义务,而伦理性动物保护有独立的宪法价值。保障人权及人格尊严条款旨在维护人的主体性和自由人格,不是预设道德前提的限制性规范;道德规则可成为个案中限制部分基本权利的理由,但其抽象、柔性,须坚守法的确定性和基本权利的保护次第;国家有义务维护公民生命健康和社会公共安全,但具体实现方案由立法者自由形成。因此也无法解释伦理性动物保护的宪法存在。全面铺展动物保护法制要修改宪法,为限制无法律保留基本权利提供合宪性基础,目前可先在宪法控制下,有选择地进行中央或地方立法。动物保护若入宪,应恪守宪法秩序的整体融贯,以人类中心主义为本,兼容痛苦中心主义。

Constitution of China only explicitly creates a state obligation for ecological,not ethical animal protection,the latter being an independent constitutional value.The provisions of the protection of human rights and human dignity are intended to safeguard the development of human subjectivity and free personality,which belong to the protective rather than restrictive norms.They do not presuppose the moral premise of individual behavior.Moral rules may justify the restriction of some fundamental rights in individual cases,but they are abstract,flexible and subject to the certainty of the law and the secondary protection of fundamental rights.Although the Constitution requires the public power to maintain citizens’life and health and social public security,it does not provide specific plans,and its implementation is left to the legislators to form freely.It is therefore impossible to derive the constitutional existence of ethical animal protection.The normative reality determines that the comprehensive development of animal protection legal system needs to modify the Constitution in order to provide a constitutional basis for restricting the basic rights without legal reservation.However,in view of the current social consensus,the issue of animal protection can be solved in stages through central or local legislation under the control of the constitution.In the future,the incorporation of animal protection into the constitution should abide by the overall integration of the constitutional law order,be based on Anthropocentrism,and be compatible with pain centrism.