塑造和传播妇女“劳动”:1920-1937年城市的“五一”节和“三八”节纪念仪式

Shaping and Propagating Women’s “Labor”: Labor Day and Women’s Day Celebrations in Urban Areas from 1920 to 1937

纪念日是发生在公共空间中的制度时间,“五一”节和“三八”节上,大规模的、反复的公共展示所塑造的“劳动”深深地嵌入民众的集体记忆中,塑造人们的观念。本文探索1920-1937年发生在城市的“五一”节和“三八”节纪念仪式如何塑造并传播了现代政治经济学意义上的“劳动妇女”和妇女“劳动”的图式,认为仪式打造妇女“劳动”的具体方式有二:一是纳入,通过积极纳入女工、农妇等群体,共产党和国共合作时期的国民党主导的这两个纪念日向大众塑造了什么是妇女的“劳动”,并在充满情感的仪式里促使参与者认同“劳动妇女”的主体身份;二是排除,不同党派基于不同的指导思想和价值理念,在“五一”节和“三八”节纪念活动中,通过对“劳动妇女”与“职业妇女”“家庭妇女”的不同解读,表达了对妇女“劳动”与“家事”等非“劳动”形式的不同主张,在城市的节日仪式中形塑并传递了以女工的公共劳动为首的现代“劳动”图式。

This article explores how the Labor Day and International Women’s Day celebrations shaped and propagated the modern political-economic concepts of “working women” and women’s “labor” in cities from 1920 to 1937.Such celebrations were frequently focused on repeated portraits of “labor” generally in large-scale public space during work time.These public depictions have helped the concept of labor win political legitimacy and engrain in people’s collective memories.Firstly, by actively involving women workers and peasants, the two celebrations led by the Communists and Nationalists during their first cooperation period constructed what constituted women’s “labor” and promoted the subjectivity of “working women” by emotionally appealing to women for a public identity.Secondly, due to different political orientations, the ceremonies presented diverse ideologies contributing to emerging explanations of what working women, professional women or homemakers were.These explanations made a distinction between women’s “labor” and housework which was unproductive and was thus not regarded as labor.Such distinction helped shape and disseminate the modern “labor” schema which prioritized women workers’ labor in public domain in urban areas.This setting boundary of women’s “labor” against other forms of labor, resulting in excluding upon complete rejection of work at home and silencing the topic of housework.