交叉性弱势与共同体分化:南非黑人“女同”研究

Intersectional Disadvantages and Community Differentiation: Studies of Black Lesbians in South Africa

南非是同性恋研究的重要场域。尽管南非的宪法禁止性取向歧视,而且已将同性婚姻合法化,但这些仍然无法掩饰“彩虹之国”难以启齿的另一面。在后种族隔离时代,同性恋者的生存空间延续着之前种族化的空间生活形态,因社会经济地位和地理区位的不同,开普敦的黑人女同性恋者因种族、性别、阶级和性取向等身份处于多重弱势地位。一方面,自上而下的同性婚姻规定缺乏广泛的民意基础,未能从根本上改善南非黑人女同性恋者的生存处境,她们在日常生活中遭遇各种形式的“恐同症”暴力,父权制下的异性恋主义者甚至试图以“纠正性强奸”等极端形式“治愈”或“纠正”她们对同性的欲望;另一方面,同性恋者之间因种族、性别、阶级等多元身份出现群体内部隔阂和分化加重,位于弱势阶层的南非黑人女同性恋者面临更多风险并处于更边缘境地。

South Africa is an important place for LGBT studies.Although South Africa’s constitution prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and has legalized same-sex marriage, there still exists a dark side of the “Rainbow Country”.Black lesbians in Cape Town are in multiple disadvantaged positions in the structure built on heterosexual norms due to their race, gender, class, and sexual orientations.On the one hand, top-down same-sex legislation has weak social support and has not fundamentally changed black lesbians’ living space.They encounter various forms of homophobic violence in their daily lives, one of which is “corrective rape”.Heterosexualists under patriarchal influence try to “cure” or “correct” black lesbians’ same-sex desires.In the post-apartheid era, the living space of LGBTQ people continues to be limited by the previous racialized spatial settings.The risks faced by black lesbians in South Africa are obviously closely related to their socioeconomic status and geographic locations.On the other hand, the intersection of identities based on race, gender, class, and sexual orientations is not only the source of marginalization of black lesbians, but also their estrangement and division within the gay community.