从《古韵标准》“别收某声某韵”例看江永的古声调观念

A Research on Rules of"Collecting Words with Different Tones and Belonging to Another Rhyme Class"in GuYunBiaoZhun and Some Related Questions about it

江永《古韵标准》一书有“别收某声某韵”条例,收古音与今音四声异者共51字。本文首先根据这批字在书中收一读或二读将其分为两类,指出江氏确定其上古声调的主要依据是韵文押韵、故训旧注、谐声关系。确定声调的原则可以概括为:待考字取某一声调,若能符合“同调相押”模式,又能得到谐声材料或旧注故训的支持,则优先选取这一声调;若无其他材料辅助判断,并且待考字今音与其他韵字非同调,则兼存异调相押与同调相押两种可能,待考字收异读;入声字一般不与舒声字相互押韵,待考字若在不同韵段中与舒声字、入声字分别相韵,则处理为异读。本文指出,考察这一条例所收字与江永的注解,可以发现江氏重视古今语音变化;以“同调相押"为《诗》韵正体,不同于顾炎武“四声一贯”说;而书中对部分入声字的处理方式,可以反映出其入声韵独立的古声调观念。

in Jiang Yong's important book"GuYunBiaoZhun"(《古韵标准》),there are rules called"Collecting words with different tones and belonging to another rhyme class"(别收某声某韵),which involves 51 words that have changed their tones throughout time.According to the pronunciation recorded in the book,this paper divides them into two categories,and points out that Jiang's determi nation of their ancient tones is mainly based on rhyme,expla tions made by ancient people and the phonetic radical relationship.The principle of determining the tone can be summarized as follows:if a certain tone of the character to be tested can conform to the mode of"same-tone-rhyming"(同调相押),and can be supported by other related materials,then it is preferred;if there is no other material to assist judgment,and the present pronunciation of the word to be tested is not in the same tone with other rhyme words,there are two possibilities.This paper points out that Jiang's rmpliasis on the phonetic changes between ancient and modem times can be found by examining the words in this certain group,and his theory differs from Gu Yanwu's ufour-tone-consistentn(四声一贯)theory.By carefully examining his book,this paper finds that Jiang's way of dealing with the characters bearing the entering tone may reflect his idea that the entering rhyme is independent.