回到现实的主体——马克思对黑格尔、费尔巴哈和鲍威尔主体理论的批判

Back to the Subject of Reality——Marx’s Critique of the Subject Theory of Hegel,Feuerbach and Powell

马克思的主体概念与西方哲学既有内在逻辑的关联性,即在主体与客体的关系中界定现代主体的基本内涵;也有着根本的区别,即马克思通过主张回到现实的主体,来考察现代主体的历史遭遇、时代使命和未来趋向。思想史的分析表明,马克思的这一主张是在批判黑格尔、费尔巴哈和鲍威尔的主体理论基础上形成的:一是颠倒了黑格尔的主体的现实性与非现实的关系;二是将费尔巴哈的自然主体改造为社会主体;三是批判青年黑格尔派的自我意识进而确立现实主体的基本定向。马克思由此真正将目光转向现实的工人、无产阶级等人民的具体化形象,为建构人的解放理论奠定了基础。

Marx’s concept of subject has internal logical relevance with western philosophy,that is,to define the basic connotation of modern subject in the relationship between subject and object,but also has fundamental difference,that is,Marx examines the historical experience,the mission of the times and the future trend of modern subject by advocating the subject returning to reality.The analysis of the history of thought shows that Marx’s proposition is formed on the basis of criticizing the subject theory of Hegel,Feuerbach and Powell.First,Marx reverses the relationship between the reality and nonreality of Hegel’s subject,and second,he transforms Feuerbach’s natural subject into a social subject.The third is to criticize the self-consciousness of young Hegelians and establish the basic orientation of the realistic subject.It can be said that Marx really turns his eyes to the concrete images of workers,proletariat and other people in reality,which lays the foundation for the construction of the theory of human liberation.