《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中的“抽象”及其三种形式

"Abstraction"in Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858 and Its Three Forms

在《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中,马克思不仅表现出一种关于抽象的方法论上的自觉,而且开始在三种形式上运用抽象。形式之一是作为分析工具的抽象,它包括三个方面的内容:一是马克思在讨论“生产一般”这个“抽象”时所肯定的内容,即以抽取事物的共性为内容的“共性抽象”;二是马克思在这里所提示补充的内容,即以抽取事物的特殊性为内容的“本质抽象”;三是从“共性抽象”到“本质抽象”的过程。形式之二是同具体相对应的抽象,它是关于客观事物的性质或本质规定,表现为客观事物在思维进程中从“表象中的具体”到完整地再现的中间环节。形式之三是直接描述现实的抽象即“现实抽象”,它是对具有抽象性特征的现实的直接反映或描述。准确理解马克思的政治经济学理论及其范畴,有必要鉴别这三种形式的抽象。

In Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858,Marx not only showed his selfconsciousness in the methodology of abstraction,but also applied the abstraction in three forms.The first form refers to the abstraction as an analysis tool,which includes contents in three aspects:the first aspect refers to the content affirmed by Marx when he discusses the"production in general"of the"abstraction",which means the"commonality abstraction"regarding the commonality of the things as its content;The second aspects refers to the content which is reminded and supplemented by Marx in this book,which means the"nature abstraction"regarding the extraction of the particularity from the things as the content;The third aspect refers to the process from the"commonality abstraction"to the“nature abstraction".The second form refers to the abstraction corresponding to the concreteness.It stipulates the nature or essence of an objective thing,which presents the middle step of the objective thing from the"concreteness of presentation"to the complete representation in the process of the thinking.The third form refers to the abstraction describing the reality directly,which means the"reality abstraction".It reflects or describes directly the reality with the abstraction features.It is necessary to distinguish these three forms of abstraction to understand Marx’s theory of political economy and its category correctly.