高校宿舍不同火灾场景下的人员疏散分析

Evacuation Analysis under Different Fire Scenarios in College Dormitory

针对典型的高校宿舍建筑火灾,运用FDS对宿舍楼层进行建模及测点布置,设置7处火灾工况进行宿舍火灾扩散模拟,并分析走廊以及楼梯间的温度、能见度和CO浓度在800 s内的分布规律,对比其危险性并得出可用安全疏散时间。根据各工况下火灾发展特点以及建筑物的特点,在Pathfinder软件中设置4种同楼栋男生女生分层住宿方案,对各方案男女采用分阶段疏散模式并指定疏散路径进行速度不一致的人员疏散,计算出必需安全疏散时间,通过可用安全疏散时间和必需安全疏散时间对比得出能否安全疏散。结果表明:火灾发生在同一楼层时,走廊发生火灾的危险性大于寝室内,火灾危险性随楼层递增而减小;将天台作为疏散出口可明显缩短疏散时间;将第一、第二楼层设置为女生寝室有利于安全疏散。提出了男女混住宿舍的消防措施建议,可为高校宿舍疏散路线设计和住宿方案制定提供参考依据。

In view of a typical fire happening in the college dormitory building,FDS was used to model the dormitory floors and arrange the measuring points.In this paper,seven fire conditions were set up to simulate the fire spread in the dormitory.The distribution law of the temperature,visibility and CO concentration in corridors and stairwells within 800 s was then analyzed,and the available time for safe evacuation was calculated by comparing their risks.According to the characteristics of fire development under various working conditions and the characteristics of the building,four schemes of sparate-floor accommodation for boys and girls in the same building were set in the Pathfinder software.For boys and girls in each scheme,the phased evacuation mode was adopted and the evacuation path was designated to evacuate those with different speeds.The necessary safe evacuation time was calculated,and whether the safe evacuation could be achieved was determined through the comparison of the available time and necessary time for safe evacuation.The results show that when the fire occurs on the same floor,the risk of fire in the corridor is greater than that in the dormitory,and the fire risk decreases with the increase of floors.Using the rooftop as an evacuation exit can significantly shorten the evacuation time,and setting the first and second floors as the girls’dormitories is conducive to safe evacuation.The suggestions on fire prevention measures for mixed dormitory are proposed,which can provide a reference basis for schools to arrange mixed dormitory and design evacuation routes for boys and girls.