族碑墓祭、移民宗族和乡村基层组织——基于湖北省南漳县漫云村的田野调查

Clan Tablet Sacrifice,Immigrant Clans and Grass-roots Organizations in Rural Areas:A Field Survey of the Yunxiang Mountains in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期的郧襄山区是一个典型的移民社会,移民宗族在迁徙和发展的过程中呈现出了自身的特色。与一直被强调的祠堂、家谱、祭田宗族三要素不同,它鲜明的特征是族碑墓祭,这种宗族形态不能用南北差异来解释。在墓地中,始迁祖墓、族碑等要素共同构成了一个独立的系统。在明清赋役制度变革的背景下,一个始迁祖墓就是一个移民户籍,甚至是一个宗族赋役单位。族碑墓祭不是墓主特祭,它代替祠堂发挥着宗族合祭的功能。宗族以此来团结族众,实施宗族教化。宗族在承担起地方事务的同时又将乡约制度镌刻于族碑之上,说明它愿意借助于国家的权威实现自我的发展。

The Yungxiang Mountains is a typical immigrant society,which shows its own characteristics in the process of migration and development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Unlike the three elements of ancestral hall,genealogy and ancestral worship,its distinct symbol is the family tombstone sacrifice,which can not be explained by the difference between north and south.Chan’s ancestors,Clan tablet constitute an independent system in the cemetery.Chan’s ancestors tomb is an immigrant household registration,or even a clan taxation unit under the background of the reform of tax and servant system.It plays the function of clan sacrifice.The clan unites the clan and enforces the clan’s enlightenment.While undertaking local affairs,clan engraves the system of local conventions on the tablets of clans which shows his identity with the country.