论马克思恩格斯唯物主义辩证法的总体性——兼谈辩证法、世界观和历史观的逻辑关系

On the Totality of the Materialist Dialectics of Marx and Engelsand the Logical Relationship between Dialectics,,World View and History View

马克思恩格斯运用辩证思维方法研究关于事物、知识之“总联系”,使自然哲学、历史哲学以终天年,呼唤新哲学的诞生。这种新哲学首要指唯物主义辩证法,即区别于思辨哲学的辩证哲学,它具有总体性,即批判性、现实性、实践生成性、历史性;唯物主义辩证法也是关于外部世界和人类思维运动一般规律的科学。只有确立唯物主义辩证法,才会确立现代唯物主义世界观,进而确立唯物主义历史观。三者相对不同,但在把握事物发展一般规律与认识世界和改造世界上,都是唯物主义辩证法的存在形式。就回答思维和存在关系而言,马克思恩格斯的世界观和历史观也具有哲学性质,但就思维和存在区别而言,他们的世界观和历史观既不是只满足于“抽象的思维”“感性的直观”的旧哲学,也不是辩证哲学本身,而是辩证哲学的存在形式。他们的新哲学介于“超验”和“经验”之间。需要重新理解唯物主义辩证法的总体性,它贯穿马克思恩格斯的整个学说中,关乎他们学说的整体性质。

Marx and Engels used the dialectical thinking method to study the “general connection” of things andknowledge,such that natural philosophy and philosophy of history called for the birth of a new philosophy.This new philosophy primarily refers to materialist dialectics,which is a dialectical philosophy that differs fromspeculative philosophy.It has totality—that is,criticalness,reality,practical generation,and historicality—and is also a science of general laws about the external world and the movement of human thinking.Only byestablishing materialist dialectics can the modern materialist world view be established,and then in turn thematerialist view of history.These three are relatively different,but are all forms of the existence of materialistdialectics as it grasps the general laws of the development of things and seeks to understand and transform theworld.In terms of characterizing the relationship between thinking and existence,Marx and Engels’ worldoutlook and historical outlook are also philosophical,but in terms of their differences,these outlooks areneither satisfied with the old philosophy’s “abstract thinking” and “perceptual intuition” nor with dialecticalphilosophy itself,but rather are forms of the existence of dialectical philosophy.Marx and Engels’ newphilosophy is somewhere between “transcendental” and “empirical”.It is necessary therefore to re-understandthe totality of materialist dialectics,which runs through the entirety of the doctrines of Marx and Engels andconcerns their overall nature.