西方马克思主义对经济基础与上层建筑关系的反思——基于葛兰西和阿尔都塞为例

Western Marxism's Reflection on the Relationship Between Economic Foundation and Superstructure——Based on Gramsci and Althusser as Examples

经济基础与上层建筑的关系至关重要。西方马克思主义者对这一关系进行了不懈的探索。其中,葛兰西立足实践哲学的角度,在研究经济基础时区分了有机的运动与“迸发的”运动,认为经济基础与上层建筑之间的区分是方法性的而不是结构性的,指出唯意志论统一了经济结构和上层建筑;阿尔都塞则基于意识形态国家机器理论,通过“法”把下层建筑和上层建筑有机结合,提出经济基础的运行要通过意识形态国家机器的保障。葛兰西和阿尔都塞对经济基础和上层建筑关系的新思考具有重要意义。但在葛兰西那里唯心主义的成分过多,而阿尔都塞难以克服结构主义问题,他们对经济基础与上层建筑关系的思考存在不可规避的问题。

The relationship between economic foundation and superstructure is very important.Western Marxists have been exploring this relationship unremittingly.Gramsci,basing on the perspective of practical philosophy,distinguishes the organic movement from the“spurt”movement when studying the economic foundation.He believes that the distinction between the economic foundation and the superstructure is methodological rather than structural,and points out that voluntarism unifies the economic structure and the superstructure.Althusser,basing on the ideological state machine,organically combines the sub-structure and the superstructure through"law",and proposes that the operation of economic foundation should be guaranteed by the ideological state machine.Gramsci's and Althusser's new thinking on the relationship between economic foundation and superstructure is of great significance.However,in Gramsci's interpretation,there are too many elements of idealism,while Althusser is difficult to overcome the problem of structuralism.Thus,their thinking on the relationship between the economic base and the superstructure has unavoidable problems.