美日科技领域信息安全体系分析与启示

Analysis and Enlightenment of the U.S.and Japanese Information Security System in Science and Technology Field

[目的/意义]信息安全是国家安全的重要组成部分。本文深入考察美国和日本的科技领域信息安全政府治理体系,以期为我国建设针对高技术等科技领域的信息安全治理体系提供借鉴与参考,从而提高我国科技领域信息安全与科技安全水平,为高水平科技自立自强提供坚实保障,服务于新国际形势下的国际科技合作与竞争。[方法/过程]本文主要对美国、日本的信息保密制度、人员许可程序、专利保护制度、出口管制制度等科技领域涉密及敏感信息管理机制与具体实践进行调研和总结,梳理了其针对政府、高校院所、企业等不同主体开展的科研活动所产生的涉密与敏感信息的分类管理方式,结合中美竞争中的具体治理实践进行解读。[结果/结论]美国的科技领域信息安全体系较为完善成熟、法规政策交叉配合、实践操作灵活,注重信息保密与信息解密之间的平衡,对不同国家采取分类分级的科技信息共享与合作机制;日本的科技领域信息安全体系发展较晚,处于逐步完善过程当中。这启示我国要研究和加强高新科技发展的信息安全体系,完善有关国际科技合作的信息安全法律法规制度,探索分类分级的科技领域信息安全治理模式。

[Purpose/significance]Information security is an essential part of national security.This paper makes an in-depth study of the U.S.and Japanese information security governance system in S&T field.Hopefully,this study may provide references and reflections for China’s construction of information security governance system for S&T,especially for high-tech,so as to safeguard China’s classified and sensitive S&T information,provide a solid institutional foundation for striving for high-level S&T self-reliance and self-improvement,and assist China’s international cooperation and competition in this new era.[Method/process]This paper mainly investigates and summarizes the governance mechanisms and practices of classified and sensitive information in the field of S&T in the U.S.and Japan,including their classification regimes,personnel clearance processes,classified patents regimes,and export control regulations,etc..The diversified management methods of S&T classified and sensitive information generated in research activities conducted by different actors,i.e.,the governments,universities/institutions and private sectors are combed and further interpreted in the current context of China-U.S.competition.[Result/conclusion]It reveals that the U.S.possesses a relatively mature and integrated information security system for S&T,with intersecting and coordinated laws and regulations,and flexible and practical operations.It stresses the balance between information confidentiality and information decryption,and adopts a sorted and tiered S&T information sharing and cooperation mechanism targeting different countries.Japan’s construction of its information security system for S&T started relatively late and is making gradual improvement.It suggests that China should study and strengthen the construction of information security system for high-tech,perfect its laws and regulations for international S&T cooperation,and explore sorted and tiered information security governance mode for S&T.