柏拉图节制美德探析

Analysis of Plato’s Virtue of Temperance

学界对柏拉图“节制”的具体内涵众说纷纭,往往因《卡尔弥德篇》是早期作品而忽视了其中柏拉图所认可思想。从整体来看,柏拉图哲学中的节制,是在认知基础上既能使个人自身以理性适当调控欲望,又是使个人理性自愿服从统治者理性的一种品质,最终导向个人灵魂内部以及城邦内部的和谐。柏拉图的“节制”具有内部自然、协调的自我约束性,作为一种行为准则时刻管控着人的欲望,指导着人的行为,是人们获得其它德性以及幸福生活的前提条件。它不仅是柏拉图城邦伦理体系中人人都应具有的基础性美德,也是当下社会亟需的能够帮助人们克制欲望、抵制诱惑、践履道德规约的重要德性。

The academic circles have different opinions on the specific connotation of Plato’s temperance,and they often ignore the thought recognized by Plato in Charmides because it is an early work.On the whole,tem⁃perance in Plato’s philosophy is a quality that enables individuals to properly regulate their desires with rationali⁃ty on the basis of cognition,and makes individual rationality voluntarily submit to the ruler’s rationality,which ultimately leads to the harmony within the individual soul and the city-state.Plato’s temperance has internally natural and harmonious self-restraint,as a code of conduct,and it controls people’s desire and guides people’s behavior,and it is the prerequisite for people to acquire other virtues and live a happy life.It is not only the basic virtue that everyone should have in Plato’s city-state ethics system,but also an important virtue that is urgently needed to help people restrain desire,resist temptation and follow moral rules.