我国侵权责任构成体系的困境及解脱——基于证明责任配置视角的观察

The Dilemma and Extrication of the System of China Tort Liability Law——Observation from the Perspective of Burden of Proof

侵权责任构成体系包括构成要件与抗辩事由两个方面。在过错侵权领域,我国侵权法一方面将违法性作为构成要件(包含于过错要件之中),另一方面又将其反面即正当理由作为抗辩事由;此外,我国侵权法一方面将因果关系作为构成要件,另一方面又将其反面即外来原因作为过错侵权领域的抗辩事由。这样的体系构成违背了证明责任分配的基本准则。为解脱困境,宜将违法性彻底从过错侵权的构成要件中剔除,且应将作为抗辩事由的外来原因限定为仅适用于无过错责任的场合,不适用于过错侵权领域。

The system of tort liability includes two aspects:constitutive elements and grouds for exemption.In the field of tort of fault,on the one hand,the tort law of our country regards illegality as a constitutive element(included in the fault element),on the other hand,it regards its opposite,namely justification,as a defense.In addition,China's tort law takes causality as a constitutive element on the one hand,and its opposite,external cause,as a defense in the field of tort of fault.Such a system violates the basic principle of distribution of burden of proof.In order to solve the dilemma,illegality should be completely removed from the elements of the fault tort,and the external cause as a defense should be limited to the situation of no-fault liability,not applicable to the field of fault tort.