论不履行报批义务的法律后果

The Legal Consequences of Non-performance of the Obligation of Approval Application

根据《民法典》第502条第2款,某些合同只有办理批准手续才能生效。批准作为合同生效的一个特别要件并不意味着,合同一旦成立,缔约当事人就必须负担一种法定报批义务。是否负担报批义务应依当事人的特约及缔约诚信原则而定。批准属于超越当事人自治的权力行使行为,报批不一定能够获得批准,因此即使履行了报批义务合同也可能因未获得批准而不生效。不应把强制报批作为不履行报批义务的责任方式,令义务违反者承担缔约赔偿责任能够更好地协调缔约自由与缔约诚信之间的冲突。须经批准的合同在成立之后效力呈悬而不定状态,当事人不履行报批义务的,合同生效的特别要件则不能得到满足,合同应确定不发生效力。无须以合同解除作为终结合同之形式拘束力的手段。不履行报批义务的赔偿责任,即使当事人约定了违反报批义务的“违约责任”,也主要是一种以信赖损失赔偿为主的缔约责任。

Approval as a special effective condition of the contract does not mean that once the contract is formed,the negotiating parties must bear a statutory obligation to apply for approval.Whether to bear the obligation of approval application or not depends on the special agreement of the parties and the principle of good faith.Approval is an exercise of power beyond the autonomy of the parties,and the performance of the obligation of approval application does not necessarily lead to the effectiveness of the contract.It is not appropriate to regard compulsory approval application as a way of responsibility for not performing the obligation of approval application,so that the party of breaching obligation should bear the liability of compensation for contracting,which can better coordinate the conflict between the freedom of contracting and the good faith of contracting.The validity of a contract subject to approval is uncertain after its formation.If the obligation of approval application is not fulfilled,the special effective conditions of the contract can't be satisfied,and the contract should be determined not to be effective.It is not necessary to eliminate the formal binding force of the contract by means of termination of the contract.Even if the parties agree on the"liability for breach of contract"for breach of the obligation of approval application,the liability for compensation for non-performance of the obligation of approval application is mainly a pre-contractual liability for compensation for reliance loss.