情感:判断抑或显像——对纳斯鲍姆认知主义情感论的再审视

Judgment or Phantasia: A Reexamination of Nussbaum’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion

就伦理思想而言,纳斯鲍姆既是亚里士多德非科学的实践慎思观的拥护者,也是斯多亚主义治疗学的伦理学的倡导者。依据亚里士多德实践慎思观,显像是成全知觉判断的关键因素。然而,对灵魂治疗的关切使得斯多亚主义伦理学更青睐情感的判断论。为提供关于情感的统一说明,纳斯鲍姆有意淡化“判断”与“显像”的差异:由于一切情感判断都蕴含显像,因而本质上说,情感就是一种判断。从亚里士多德显像论以及当代心理治疗实践看,接受这种统一说明或将面临过分简化的危险,因为情感的判断论和显像论各自道出情感的复杂面向。纳斯鲍姆为情感提供统一说明的努力可能归于失败,构成情感的必要因素不是判断而是显像。

As far as ethical thought is concerned, Martha C.Nussbaum is not only a supporter of Aristotle’s non-scientific practical deliberation, but also an advocator of Stoicism’s therapeutic ethics.According to Aristotle’s view of practical deliberation, phantasia is the key factor to perfect perceptual judgment.However, the concern with soul therapy led Stoic ethics to favor emotional judgment.Nussbaum plays down the distinction between "judgment" and "phantasia" in order to provide a unified account of emotion: since all emotional judgments involve phantasia, emotion is essentially a judgment.From the perspective of Aristotle’s account of phantasia and the practice of contemporary psychotherapy, to accept this unified explanation would be in danger of oversimplification, because the judgment theory of emotion and the phantasia theory of emotion respectively reveal the complex aspects of emotion.We believe that Nussbaum’s efforts to provide a unified account of emotion might fail, and that the essential factor of emotion is not judgment but phantasia.