交易成本视角下日本土壤污染防治策略与启示

Strategies and implications of soil pollution prevention and control in Japan from perspective of transaction costs

日本自20世纪70年代起,颁布了一系列土壤污染防治法律,并不断依据国土、人口资源和经济结构的变化对其进行完善与修改,逐步建立起一套较为系统的土壤污染防治管理体系,成为全球土壤污染防治最先进的国家之一。基于土壤污染防治交易成本的角度,研究比较日本针对点源和非点源土壤污染采用不同政策工具而产生的搜索成本、谈判成本和执行成本。研究发现:日本对点源土壤污染实现有效防治的策略在于综合运用政策规制、经济工具和教育工具;而对于非点源土壤污染地区来说,污染源头不易监察,搜索成本巨大,命令性政策规制的效果不佳,有效的防治策略是运用交易成本较低的教育工具。在我国土壤污染防治过程中,可借鉴日本经验,充分运用政策规制、经济工具和教育工具,从立法执法、分区治理、强化污染物排放披露等方面优化土壤污染防治措施,从而提高土壤污染防治效率和质量。

Since the 1970s,Japan has promulgated a series of soil pollution prevention and control laws,which have been continuously improved and revised according to the changes of population,resources and economic structure.Thus,Japan has gradually established a set of systematic soil pollution prevention and control management system,which makes Japan one of the most advanced countries in the world for soil pollution prevention and control.Based on the transaction costs of soil pollution prevention and control,we compared the search cost,negotiation cost and execution cost of different policy tools adopted by Japan for point source and non-point source soil pollution.It is found that that the key strategy to realize effective prevention and control against point source soil pollution in Japan lies in the comprehensive use of policies and regulations,economic tools and educational tools.For non-point source soil pollution areas in Japan,the sources of pollution are difficult to monitor,the search cost is huge,and the effect of mandatory policy regulation is not good.Thus,the strategy is to use educational tools with low transaction costs.In the process of soil pollution prevention and control in China,we can learn from Japan's experiences,make full use of policies and regulations,economic tools and educational tools,and optimize soil pollution prevention and control measures from the aspects of legislation and law enforcement,zoning governance,and enhanced disclosure of pollutant discharge,so as to improve the efficiency and quality of soil pollution prevention and control.