网络时代刑法理念转型:从积极预防走向消极预防

The Transformation of Criminal Law Concept in the Internet Age:From Positive Prevention to Negative Prevention

积极刑法观是网络犯罪治理的主流刑法观。在积极刑法观指导下,刑法通过扩容旧罪与增设新罪来增添“新法益”与规制“新行为”,搭建起网络犯罪的预防体系。积极刑法观具有本能的入罪倾向,单向度地强调积极预防容易激发网络犯罪的扩张性,导致刑法被迫与前置法脱钩,并以扩大解释助长司法犯罪化,造成刑法功能异化。消极刑法观与积极刑法观并非完全对立,两者具有相反相成的辩证关系,应当在预防性网络犯罪中合理嵌入消极刑法观的限制刑罚权思想。在立法配置上,应当暂停增设新类型的网络犯罪,将前置法的义务性规范与违法排除规则嵌入犯罪评价,以重塑刑法与前置法关系。在司法适用上,应当慎用入罪扩大解释,对网络犯罪中的争议事实进行司法限缩,以畅通网络犯罪的出罪路径。

In the governance of cybercrime prevails the positive concept of preventative criminal law,under the guidance of which"new legal interests"are added and"new acts"regulated,in order to build an institution to prevent cybercrimes.However,the positive concept of criminal law has an instinctive tendency to incriminate,and the one-way emphasis on active prevention is apt to stimulate the criminal law’s expansion,cause its disconnection from other laws and encourage broader interpretation and hence the justice-incurred criminalization.In fact,the negative concept of criminal law and the positive one are not completely opposing but diametrically complementary to each other.Therefore,its idea of restricting the power to penalty shall be integrated into the prevention of cybercrimes.In the legislation of criminal law,the positive legislative work concerning cybercrimes shall be suspended.Instead,the relationship between the criminal law and other relevant laws shall be reshaped in the first place by integrating into crime evaluation the latter’s rules and regulations concerning obligations and elimination of violation of law.In judicial application,the broader interpretation shall be cautiously avoided,and the disputed facts in cybercrimes shall be narrowed down so as to smooth the way for decriminalization.