合同解除权行使规则解释论——兼评民法典第565条之规定

On the Interpretation of the Rules for the Right to Rescind a Contract:Comment on Article 565 of the Civil Code of PRC

民法典合同解除权行使规则意在规范当事人解除行为,为合同关系状态之判断提供规范基础。民法典合同编继续秉持解除权的形成权性质,强调解除权行使需以当事人享有解除权为前提;强调解除之生效以有效通知为必要,否定合同自动当然解除的可能,但解除通知的形式可相对灵活。合同编新增催告解除之规则,旨在为债权人提供更多选择,给债务人补救违约的机会,落实鼓励交易的原则。合同编表面上革新了合同解除异议规则,以防止解除权滥用,实质上解除异议规则已被“虚置”,名存而实亡。合同编新增当事人径直提起解除权诉讼或仲裁的“司法解除”规则,意在明确债权人行使解除权不以通知解除为前置要求,给当事人更多自由,但合同解除时点仍遵循通知解除的一般原理。

The rules on exercising the right to rescind contracts in the Civil Code are intended to regulate the parties’act and provide a regulative basis for judging the state of contractual relations.In the book of contract,the right of formation(Gestaltungsrecht)in contract rescission is retained,which requires that the party that is to exercise such right shall be entitled to it in the first place,and that the rescission can only be effective upon notification though which can be flexible in forms,and denies the automatic termination of the contract.A new rule of request for recission is added,which purports to promote cooperation and endow the creditor more choices,give the debtor an opportunity to remedy,and encourage the implementation of transactions.On the surface,the rule for rescission objection is reformed so as to prevent the abuse of such right,but in fact it has been practically rendered nominal by the rule of judicial rescission,under which parties can directly initiate a lawsuit or arbitration for the rescission of contract.The establishment of latter rule is intended to make it explicit that the exercise of the right to rescission does not entail the rule of notification as a premise and thus give the parties more freedom,but the rule of notification still applies to the point in time for the contract rescission to be effective.