生态损害赔偿制度的模式比较与中国选择——《民法典》生态损害赔偿条款的解释基础与方向探究

Model Comparison and Chinese Choice of Ecological Damage Liability:Research on the Interpretation Basis and Direction of Ecological Damage Liability Clauses in the Civil Code of PRC

生态损害赔偿有私法和公法两种模式。前者通过扩张侵权规则救济生态损害,包括扩张责任规则的“恢复原状”、创设民事权利的“私法环境权”和创建新型制度的“特殊赔偿”。后者通过确立具有损害填补功能的监管责任制度来填补环境损害,包括扩展监管的行政恢复责任制度和作为其辅助的补充性执法机制。私法模式是环境法缺失时的过渡性产物,在环境监管体系普遍建立的背景下仅为公法模式的有限补充。欧陆国家多为公法模式,美国亦然,法国特例缺乏实践检验,须辩证认识。我国存在发展公法模式的良好基础和条件,应充分利用。我国民法典生态损害赔偿条款应以此为背景进行解释,定位于作为公法模式制度基础的公法规范。

Two regimes exist for the ecological damage liability:the civil liability one and the public law one.The former one extends the frontier of the tort law to include"the restoration to the former state","environmental right"in newly created civil rights,and"special compensation"under newly created institution.The latter one extends administrative supervision and creates a regulatory responsibility to repair the environmental damages,which consist of administrative responsibility for restoration and corresponding enforcement mechanism.The civil liability regime is a kind of transitional measure in the absence of corresponding environmental law,and can only be a limited supplementary means to the public law regime under a sound environment supervision system.At present,most continental European countries with the exception of France adopt the public law regime,and so does America.As a special case,the French experience still needs to be tested by practice.The public law regime can be well-developed in China with its good foundation and conditions,which should be made full use of.Accordingly,the related articles on the liability for ecological damage in the Civil Code of PRC should be interpreted as the norm foundation for the public law regime.