辽宁省森林、湿地与草地景观格局变化及驱动力

Landscape Pattern Variations of Forest,Wetland and Grassland Resources and Driving Forces in Liaoning Province,China

【目的】比较研究辽宁省2005年和2015年的森林、湿地与草地景观格局变化及驱动力,为3类自然资源的保护工作提供科学支持。【方法】基于2005、2015年2期辽宁省土地利用数据,利用ArcGIS和Fragstats软件计算景观转移矩阵和景观指数,并分析各类资源转化的空间分布,应用主成分分析法对辽宁省森林、湿地与草地景观格局变化的驱动力进行研究。【结果】1)辽宁省森林资源呈现东部多于西部的分布格局,林地景观面积增加了4284 km2,破碎化程度减小,景观转移变化主要发生在西部地区;湿地资源分布呈现沿海大于内陆、集中于河流沿岸的分布格局,近10年来湿地景观面积减小了0.55%,湿地景观形状趋于复杂,单元趋于离散,破碎化程度加剧,景观转移变化主要发生在河流沿岸;草地资源呈现西部多于东部的分布格局,变化率为-5.00%,破碎化程度加剧,斑块数量、面积、密度的3重减少表明草地景观退化程度严重,转移变化面积大且在全省均有分布。2)与2005年相比,2015年景观整体破碎程度加深,离散小单元增多,异质性减弱,原有的景观格局被破坏,主导斑块的控制能力下降。3)辽宁省景观变化的主要驱动因素为人口、经济、政策以及自然环境因素等。【结论】受人为因素和自然因素影响,辽宁省森林景观面积增加,破碎化程度得到改善,而湿地和草地景观存在破碎化程度加深的现象。结合辽宁省森林、湿地、草地景观格局的变化与实际,建议在现有基础上继续加强对森林和湿地资源的保护,草地资源的保护可以借鉴森林资源保护经验,加强立法与保护,从而实现资源的保护和可持续利用。

【Objective】In this study,we compared the landscape pattern variations between 2005 and 2015 for forest,wetland and grassland and driving forces in Liaoning Province,so as to provide scientific support for natural resources conservation.【Methods】With the two-phases land use data in 2005 and 2015,the landscape transition matrix and landscape index were calculated and the spatial distribution of resources transformation was analyzed using ArcGIS and Fragstats,the driving forces of the change of landscape patterns of forest,wetland and grassland in Liaoning province were studied using principal component analysis.【Results】The results showed:1)the distribution area of forest resources was larger in the east than the west of Liaoning Province.The forest landscape area had been increased by 4284 km2,when forest fragmentation had been reduced and the transition of forest landscape primarily was observed in the western areas.The existence of wetland resources was larger in coastal areas than inland and riverside areas.The wetland landscape had been reduced by 0.55%,while the status of the wetland landscape became more unexpected especially riverside areas,overall degraded amount,area and density of wetlands in the recent decade.The grassland resources showed larger distribution in the west than that in the east,which had been lost by 5.00%in Liaoning Province.Worse than wetland fragmentation,grassland fragmentation had been intensified at multiple scales within the whole province.2)The landscape fragmentation in Liaoning Province had been severer from 2005 to 2015,in specific with more discrete small units and decreased and finally the lost control of dominant patches.3)The landscape changes in Liaoning Province could be driven by population,economy,policy and natural environment factors,etc.【Conclusion】Affected by human and natural factors,the area of forest landscape had been increased,however overall fragmentation had been improved in the whole province,due to wetland and grassland losses.Based on our study,sustainable forest and wetland conservation is suggested.The grassland conservation should be conducted by following the successful experiences and strengthening the legislation.