马克思恩格斯文本中的“公社”概念

Concept of Commune in Marx’ and Engels’ Writings

在马克思恩格斯的文本中,"公社"一词有多种用法与含义,相关的中文翻译也存有争议;除了指称语词的多样,文本中的公社形态也不一而足,涉及的公社类型多达数十种,大致可以归为以下几类:一是马克思恩格斯生活时代实际存在的公社,二是他们从历史学研究和人类学研究中获悉的古代社会的公社,三是他们设想的未来公社,四是他们批判的公社观念。对马克思恩格斯而言,"公社"不只是历史上的古老现象,也是存在于19世纪的现实事物,还是建构未来社会的起点。"公社"位于资本主义历史发展的两端,指代了"非资本主义"和"共产主义"两种形态,它以被瓦解的和将重生的共同体,表征着个人境况的结构性演变。在他们的晚期文本中,从公社概念发展出工人阶级政府的思想。俄国农村公社内部的共有结构和巴黎公社夺取政权的尝试,启发他们创造性地从现实案例中提取出新型公社,用以取代当时存在的资产阶级国家,从而将共产主义的理想转变为实践:公社式国家的建设。经由马克思恩格斯的解读,"公社"实现了革命再造,成为实践共产主义的一种理想形式,这个共产主义是一种现代意义上的共同体。

In the writings of Marx’and Engels’,the word “commune” is used differently with different meanings,and the Chinese translations of them are never unanimously accepted. In addition to different referential words,the forms of communes described in their texts are of many,involving dozens of commune types,which can be roughly classified into four:the first is the commune that actually existed in Marx’and Engels’ life time;the second is the commune of ancient society that they learned from historical and anthropological studies;the third is the future commune that they envisioned;and the fourth is the notion of commune that they criticized. For Marx and Engels,commune is not only an ancient phenomenon in history,but also a reality that existed in the 19th century,as well as the starting point of constructing the future society. Found at the two extremes of the continuum of historical development of capitalism,commune actually refers to the forms of “non-capitalism” and “communism”,representing the structural improvement of human conditions in disintegrated and then reborn communities. In their later texts,they developed the idea of working-class government from the concept of commune. Inspired by the communal structure within the Russian rural commune and the attempt of the Paris Commune to seize power,they creatively extracted a new commune from the real cases to replace the existing bourgeois state,thus transforming the communist ideal into practice:the construction of a communal state. Through the interpretation of Marx and Engels,commune has become an ideal form of communism in practice,and a community in its modern sense.