全球罚金刑改革与困境对中国的启示

The Reform and Dilemma of Fine Worldwide and Implications for China

自20世纪初欧洲短期自由刑改革以来,罚金刑日益成为各国重要的有争议刑事制裁措施。罚金广泛适用的真实动因在于增加财政收入和减少司法支出,这是无法消除并加剧支付不能、罚金欠缴、易科监禁,甚至引发美国弗格森骚乱等社会危机的根本原因。日额罚金虽来源于边沁的相对数额理论,但除以芬兰、德国为代表的欧洲国家和拉美国家外,多数国家均采用固定罚金或混合模式。无论是绝对数额或相对数额,还是易科劳役、分期缓免等改革措施,都无法消除罚金滥用和穷人入狱等顽疾。如何避免司法财政与罚金过度,是当前全球司法面临的最大挑战;充分鉴别外国罚金刑的弊端,自觉脱离清末以来的罚金西化之路,有利于重新认识中华赎刑的精髓,对改良中国当代的财产刑体系有借鉴意义。

Since the short-term imprisonment reform at the beginning of the last century in Europe,fine as an alternative has increasingly become the vital contentious way of criminal sanction.The motive judicial revenue and expenditure reduction in nature cannot eliminate,but deteriorate the fine defaulter and alternative imprisonment,even unignorablly causing the Ferguson riot in the United States.Despite the relevant amount in Betham’s theory,the day-fine utilized in European continental and Latin-American countries,while many countries over the world applied the fixed fine or a mixture model yet.Neither the absolute or relevant amount,nor the alternative community service,extended and instalment plan could solve the contradiction between the abusive fine and the poor-in prison.How to avoid the judicial revenue and excessive fine is the biggest challenge over the contemporary world.A sufficient understanding of the defects for oversea fine,being away from the westernized fine since the late Qing Dynasty,is essentially helpful to rethink over the benefits of Chinese redemption and then to reform the financial penalty in contemporary China.