重解禁反言原则——从研究《民法典》的规定和有关判例开始

Re-interpreting the Principle of Estoppel:Beginning with the Study of Rules in the Civil Code and Relevant Precedents

我国《民法典》包含不少禁反言规定,司法上亦间或适用之。禁反言原则起源于罗马法,经中世纪法学家加工理论化,得到英国法继受,在近代法典编纂运动中有些民法典忽视之,有些民法典规定之,在20世纪末的国际统一法运动中得到复兴,其成果体现在一系列的跨国法文件中以及一些新近的民法典中。法院在适用禁反言原则时,必须满足四个要件:其一,应存在具有约束力的前行为。其二,有与前行为相矛盾的后行为。其三,前后两个行为之间必须有一定的时间间隔。其四,两个行为由同一主体实施。禁反言原则不同于权利失效原则以及不听任何援引自己的不法行为者之申辩原则。

Our country’s"Civil Code"contains a number of estoppel provisions,which are occasionally applied judicially.A theoretical inquiry tells us that the principle of estoppel originated in Roman law,was processed into rules by medieval jurists,and was inherited by English law.In the modern codification movement,some civil codes ignored it,some civil codes stipulated it.It was revived in the legal unification movement at the end of the last century,and its results are reflected in a series of transnational legal documents and some more recent civil codes.When a court applies the estoppel principle,four requirements must be met.First,there should be binding first action.Second,there is a second action that contradicts the first action.Third,there must be a certain time interval between the first action and second action.Fourth,the two acts are carried out by the same subject.The principle of estoppel is different from that of Verwirkung and that of nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans.