傣卯人功德观探析

A Probe into the Perception of Merits and Virtues of Taimao People

本文运用法国结构人类学大师列维-斯特劳斯的意识模式和无意识模式理论,尝试对傣卯人信仰文化中处于核心地位的功德观的建构情况作出初步探析。基于深入细致的田野调查,透过地方性文化中的“小供”功德、生肖制度和取名规则,本文发现,傣卯人的功德观在意识模式方面主要表现为赕佛以力所能及之“物”,积极做“摆”奉献且以参与佛事为乐,受戒持戒、摒除俗念、仁慈守信、顺其自然;而在无意识模式方面则主要表现为首尾相接、循环往复的永恒完满之追求,同性相斥、异性相配的互补原则,正斜相抵、吉凶相消的化合之道。在此认知基础上对傣族功德观研究提出了三项补充:功德完满的需求使傣卯人对时间的认识提升到了一个新的高度,互补以及化合的思维对傣卯人的行为方式具有非常重要的指导作用,人与人之间的功德共享也是功德获取的方式之一。

Using the conscious model and unconscious model theory of Claude LéviStrauss,the famous French exponent of structural anthropology,this paper makes a preliminary study on the construction of the perception of merits and virtues that is the core of the belief culture of of Taimao people,agroup of the Dai.On the basis of relatively indepth and meticulous fieldwork,through the "ta22la53" merit and virtue and zodiac system as well as naming scheme in the local culture,the author discovered the principal manifestations of the conscious model of Taimao people’s perception of merits and virtues offering whatever within one’s power as a tribute,active in "p?i 453" rituals and taking pleasure from it,initiated into monkhood and obeying commandments strictly, eliminating distractions,kindheartedness and honesty and just letting nature take its course.The manifestations of the unconscious model of Taimao people’s perception of merits and virtues are also a kind of eternal fullness in the form of head-tail cycle repeats,complementary principle of repelled congeniality and suited isomerism,compromise doctrine of the positive and the oblique or the auspicious and the ominous. On this cognitive basis,this paper puts forward three supplements to the study of the perception of merits and virtues in the Dai culture:the desire of eternal fullness has raised the time awareness of Taimao people to a new level;complementary and compromise thinking play a very important role in guiding the behavior of Taimao people;last but no least,merits and virtues sharing among people is also one of the effective ways to obtain merit.