孔子“闻之曰”言论承传模式的生成及演化--以上博简《从政》为中心

The Generation and Classical Process of Confucius’Speech Inheritance Mode“Wen Zhi Yue”--On Cong Zheng of Shang bo Bamboo Slips

早期儒家“闻”的言说传统,远绍殷人直引文本话语的“有闻曰”,近承周人化用“旧事”“古语”的“我闻曰”,始终贯串着以引用来传播话语的本质功能。孔门师徒将春秋君臣议政加主语的“闻之曰”转化为论学话语,并赋予其始于求知、重在领悟、终于践行的理论内涵。上博简《从政》为“闻之曰”格式的经典化呈现,其无主语与来源的“闻之曰”是对“丘闻之某人(或某文本)有言曰”的缩略改写,象征着孔子言论承传的一种模式,即灵活运用口传与书写两种形态来传播孔子的转述话语。孔门弟子后学素以“子曰”强调孔子言论的权威性,为树立夫子“作者之谓圣”的形象,进而将孔子的转述话语也冠以“子曰”,使得“闻之曰”这一“有意味的形式”逐渐湮没无闻。

The speech tradition of“Wen”in the early Confucianists was far from the“You Wen Yue”quoted by Yin Dynasty,nearly inherited“Wo Wen Yue”from Zhou Dynasty,which was humanized by“Old Things”and“Ancient Sayings”.“Wen”always has the essential function of transmitting by quota⁃tion.Confucianists transformed“Wen Zhi Yue”used by monarch and minister in the Spring and Autumn period into academic discourse,and gave it the significance of knowledge,understanding and final prac⁃tice.The Cong Zheng(《从政》)of Shangbo Bamboo Slips(上博简)is the classic presentation format of“Wen Zhi Yue”,it symbolizes a mode of spreading Confucius’speech by flexible use of oral and written forms.In order to establish the lofty image of Confucius,Confucius’words were also labeled as“Zi Yue”,making the meaningful form of“Wen Zhi Yue”gradually disappear.