清代中后期水环境变迁以及引黄济运和灌塘济运

The Changes of Water Environment in the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty and Water Diversion from the Yellow River to the Canal and to Pond for Canal Transportation

明清王朝启用大运河进行南北漕运,黄淮运水系交汇于洪泽湖区域,并形成了既治黄又济运的清口水利枢纽。到了后期,随着黄河淤高倒灌,湖底的淤高,清口难以刷黄济运。乾隆末年实行了借黄济运,道光年间又实行了灌塘济运。这两种方法都使淮扬运河淤高。由于黄水不断地进入洪泽湖,湖北部更加淤积抬高。随着大量淮水从山盱五坝下高宝诸湖入江或归海,官方通过高家堰控制下游的水情并控制湖蓄。清口不得不在大多数的情况下封闭,闭坝和河身抬高又进一步加剧高家堰的危机。借黄济运和灌塘济运进一步淤高了运河和下游黄河,黄淮运河系统大受影响。明清两代形成的以清刷黄的济运系统,处于非常脆弱易崩的状态。

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Grand Canal was used to transport from the north to the south.The water system of the Yellow River,Huai River and the Grand Canal were converged in Hongze Lake and formed the Qingkou water control project,which not only controlled the Yellow River but also helped transportation.In the late period,with the silting up of the Yellow River as well as the bottom of the lake and the river,it was difficult for Qingkou to brush the Yellow River with clear water and connect the canal.In the last years of the reign of Qianlong,the Yellow River was diverted to facilitate the transportation,and in the reign of Daoguang,water diversion from the Yellow River to the pond for canal transportation was carried out.Both of the methods made it possible that the bottom of Huaiyang canal was silted up.In addition,as the Yellow River water continuously flowed into Hongze Lake,the northern part of the lake is raised by silt.With a large amount of Huai water flowing into Gaozhu Lake and Baozhu Lake through Shanxu Five Dams,and then into the river or sea,the government controlled the downstream water regime and lake storage through Gaojiayan dam.Qingkou had to be closed in most cases,and the closed dam and the elevation of the river body were further accompanied by the crisis of Gaojiayan.With the water diversion from the Yellow River to the canal and to pond for canal transportation,Further silt-up took place in the canal and the lower Yellow River,which greatly affected the Huang-Huai-Canal river system.This system,in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,which brushed the Yellow River with clear water and connect the canal,was very fragile and easy to collapse.