民营企业产权刑法保护问题及其根源与对策——兼评《刑法修正案(十一)》相关条文

Protection of Private Enterprise Property Through Criminal Law:Problems,Causes and Solutions A Commentary on Relevant Articles of Amendment Ⅺ to Penal Code of China

从最终利益享有者、产权内容、侵权形式及其保护对刑法的依赖程度等四个维度解析民营企业产权,而非简单地将其理解为企业的财产权,有助于更全面地把握影响罪刑设置的因素。通过对典型案例的统计分析可知,民营企业产权面临的主要威胁是纵向侵权、新型侵权和非物质产权侵权;预防内部侵权和传统侵权的条文,多被当成纵向侵权的通道。其制度原因是,当前刑事立法对非物质产权、新型侵权介入程度不足,部分条文有被滥用的危险,刑法对权力的节制程度不够。其思想根源在于,以传统社会为背景发展出的刑法理论与现代市场经济之间存在严重的错位。为防止纵向侵权,有必要放宽滥用职权罪的入罪条件,在管制性条文中引入实质的不法内容,贯彻立法明确性优先于公正的原则;为应对横向侵权,应根据非合作情形下的均衡保护原则、合作情形下的损害原则、持续合作情形下的“不告不理”原则调整刑法规定。《刑法修正案(十一)》的部分条文回应了民营企业产权保护的需要,但有关企业内部犯罪的规定与立法目的之间存在错位;部分值得推广的理念遗憾地停留在现象层面,民营企业产权保护的制度环境未获得体系性改善。

Enterprise property should not be simply taken as "property owned by enterprise".It can be analyzed from 4 angles:Whose?What interest?Against what kind of infringement?How dependent on criminal law?Such an analysis is helpful to cover all the impact factors of criminalization.According to the statistical analysis of typical cases,the main threats to the property of private enterprises are infringement by public power,new-type infringement and infringement of intellectual property.In the sample,the norms for the prevention of inside infringement and traditional infringement are mainly applied for infringements by public authorities.The institutional cause is that the current criminal legislation is insufficient to prevent infringement of intellectual property and new-type infringement,and the restraint of criminal legislature on power is not enough.Its theoretical basis is the serious dislocation between criminal theories,which are customized to the traditional society,and the modern market economy.To prevent the infringement by power,it is necessary to expand the scope of clause on abuse of power,to introduce the substantive contents in the regulatory provisions,as well as to guarantee the legislating principle of clarity-prior-to-justice.To prevent private infringements,criminal norms should be adjusted in accordance with the proportional protection principle under noncooperative situation,harm principle under one-time cooperative situation and principle of "no trail without complaint" under the repeated cooperative situation.Some clauses in Amendment XI to Penal Code respond to the needs of property protection of private enterprises,but some are incompatible with the legislative intent.Some ideas worth promoting remain at the level of phenomena,and thus we miss the opportunity to improve the institutional environment of the property protection systematically.