工农城乡关系演进下集体所有制的嬗变与重构

The Transmutation and Reconstruction of Collective Ownership under the Evolution of the Relationship between Industry and Agriculture and between Urban and Rural Areas

改革开放以来,伴随着工农城乡关系的演进,农村土地集体所有制发生了深刻的变化,总体趋势是:包括占有、使用、收益、转让在内的土地产权核心权能以及入股、融资担保、退出补偿等他项权能,逐渐地由集体向农户个体让渡。产权集体化向产权个人化转变的目标是在保障农民利益的同时提升土地资源配置效率,但随着城镇化的深入发展,作为一种身份的农民和作为一种职业的农民的范畴差异逐渐扩大,以农民身份为依据实施的产权个人化安排不仅难以实现其政策目标,而且可能反噬“三农”,这集中表现在“离乡不离土”问题、“耕者租其地”问题和“农者无其权”问题上。新时代推动农业农村发展,须重构农村土地集体所有制,包括以组织化承包地退出实现农业转移人口“非农民化”,以组织化承包地调整实现“耕者有其权”,以成员资格开放实现集体经济组织现代化转型。

Since the reform and opening up,with the evolution of the relationship between industry and agriculture,the collective ownership of rural land has undergone profound changes.The overall trend is that the core rights of land property rights,including possession,using,income and transferring,as well as other rights such as shares,financing guarantee and exit compensation,are gradually transferred from the collective to individual farmers.The goal of the transformation from collectivization of property right to personalization of property right is to improve the efficiency of land resource allocation while protecting the interests of farmers.However,with the in-depth development of urbanization,the category difference between farmers as an identity and farmers as a profession is gradually expanding.The personalization arrangement of property rights implemented on the basis of the identity of farmers is not only difficult to achieve its policy goals,but may also backfire on the "three rural" issues,which are mainly manifested in the problem of "leaving the land without leaving the hometown","cultivators renting their land" and "farmers have no rights".To promote the development of agriculture and rural areas in the new era,it is necessary to reconstruct the collective ownership of rural land,including withdrawing from organized contracted land to realize the "non-farmerization" of the agricultural transfer population,realizing "cultivators have their own rights" through the adjustment of organized contracted land,and realizing the modernization and transformation of collective economic organizations through membership opening.