美国“航行自由计划”的理论证成及批判性思忖

The Theoretical Justification and Critical Thinking of American “Freedom of Navigation Project”

美国“航行自由”理念由来已久,在不同的历史时期有着不同的侧重,也不断地得以丰富和发展。实际上,“航行自由计划”是美国在当代“航行自由”理念下的具体化表现。为了维护其海上航行、飞越自由等权利,美国试图以习惯国际法为着力点,使“航行自由计划”兼具合法性与正当性。无论美国如何使“航行自由计划”法律化,都难以掩盖其背后的政治目的和法律缺陷。对美国“航行自由计划”进行批判性分析,论证有效应对“航行自由计划”的法理依据,有利于维护以《联合国海洋法公约》为核心的国际海洋秩序。

The concept of “freedom of navigation” in the United States has a long history with different emphasis in different historical periods and has been continuously enriched and developed.In fact,the “Freedom of Navigation Project” is a concrete manifestation of the contemporary concept of “freedom of navigation”.In order to safeguard its rights to freedom of navigation and overflight,it tries to focus on customary international law to legitimize and justify the plan.However,no matter how the country legalizes the program,it is difficult to conceal the political goals and legal flaws behind it.It is necessary to make a critical analysis of the US “Freedom of Navigation Plan” and demonstrate the legal basis for its effective response,so as to maintain the international maritime order with United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the core.