人口新政背景下教师群体生育意愿及影响因素分析

Analysis on Teacher’s Fertility Willingness and Influencing Factors under the Background of the New Population Policy

生育正在成为关乎我国社会经济发展的重大事务。以中小学教师为研究对象,通过问卷的方式调查2731名教师的生育意愿及行为,分析其影响因素,为政策调整提供思路。研究发现,教师个人及家庭生育意愿低于全国平均水平,虽然他们对生育政策的调整反应积极,二孩生育率较高,但生育三孩意愿呈断崖式下跌;生育观念代际差异显著,年轻教师的生育意愿偏低,36—40岁年龄段教师或成为多孩生育主力军。比较而言,不同地域、岗位和工作性质的教师生育意愿明显不同,其中乡村教师多孩生育意愿强于城区教师;在编教师强于非在编教师;管理岗教师强于非管理岗教师(含班主任);职业稳定期教师强于职业上升期教师。总体而言,职业发展稳定性及工作和生活的幸福感对教师群体的生育意愿有重要影响。要提高教师群体生育意愿,必须破解教育和养育的私人性和私利性,倡导社会养育和集体养育,建立成人与儿童随时可及、亲密友善、可信赖、相对稳定的养育和教育关系,减少生—养—育儿活动的无效和浪费,形成互助、节约育儿的社会效应,应进一步改善教师工作条件,创建生育友好的工作环境。

Fertility is becoming a major issue related to China’s social and economic development. 2731 primary and secondary school teachers, were investigated the fertility will and behavior through questionnaire, to analyze the influencing factors, and provide perspectives for policy makers policy adjustment. The study found that teachers’ and their families’ willingness towards childbearing was lower than the national average level. Although they responded positively to the adjustment of the fertility policy and the fertility rate was high for second child, the willingness to have a third child plummeted sharply. The concept of fertility is significantly different between generations, with young teachers’ willingness being low. Teachers in the age group of 36-40 may become the main force to support the multi-child policy. Comparatively speaking, teachers in different regions, positions and jobs have significantly different fertility intentions. Rural teachers enjoy better willingness in having more children than urban teachers. Enrolled teachers enjoy better willingness than non-enrolled teachers. Teachers on the managing positions enjoy stronger willingness than teachers in non-managing positions. Teachers in their career stability period are much more willing than teachers in their career advancement period. In general, the stability of career development and the happiness of work and life have an important impact on the teachers’ fertility willingness. To improve the willingness of teachers, we must solve the private and selfish nature of education and cultivation, advocate social parenting and collective parenting, establish readily accessible, intimate, friendly, reliable, and relatively stable parenting and educational relationships between adults and children in family-social context, reduce the ineffectiveness and waste of living and parenting activities, while form up mutual support, saving, scaled parenting social benefits. We should also further improve teachers’ working conditions and create a fertility-friendly working environment.