《民法典》背景下社会服务机构的“身份危机”及其法律化解

The“Identity Crisis”of Social Service Agencies and Its Legal Resolution in the Context of the Civil Code

学界对于社会服务机构的观察多止步于其营利行为的违法性,而缺乏对之非营利性与法人形态限定的质疑。借助法条归纳与裁判梳理,可以发现社会服务机构在《民法典》职能主义的法人制度下面临“营利禁止”与“法人限定”的双重束缚但却难以退出的合法性困境;而捐助法人的“社团化”倾向又使之丧失了财团优势,因而不敌公司的制度竞争,造成自身的合理性危机。检视社会服务机构的规范特征,需重新厘定应然意义上的组织载体,解放其营利性,包容多种法律形态,并将之重新归为结构主义下的财团法人。出于民法既已成典的事实,较为务实的路径是对《民法典》第八十七条第二款与第九十五条分别作限缩解释与目的解释,并配以单行法修订的思路,但这并不排斥未来以结构主义法人分类彻底解决社会服务机构身份危机的可能。

Most of the academic’s observations on social service agencies were just focus on the illegality of it’s profit-making behaviors,but short of the doubts about it’s non-profitable or limitation of legal person.Under the functional legal person classification established by the Civil Code,social service agencies had to confront the legitimate dilemma which means they were bound by“profit-making prohibition”and“legal person limitation”,whereas could not exit without benefit damage.Additionally,due to the“corporatization-trend”of donation legal person,social service agencies did not compare with companies on legal system level,which caused it’s rationality crisis.By reviewing the legal characteristics of social service agencies,it was necessary to re-determine an ought-to-be organization carrier which could tolerate it’s profitable as well as multiple legal forms and belonged to the consortium legal person from structural classification.According to the fact that the Civil Code had been promulgated,the pragmatic resolution of this problem was based on the restrictive interpretation of article 87 paragraph 2 and the teleological interpretation of article 95 of the Civil Code.However,it was still possible to solve the identity crisis completely with the effect of structural legal person classification.