Use of Hydrazine and Its Substitutes as Fuel

Due to the properties and high reactivity of hydrazine,it is mainly used as rocket fuel not only in its pure form but also in combination with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and oxidizers(nitrogen tetroxide or nitric acid)forming a self-igniting mixture with oxidizers.Aerozine 50 and UH 25(a mixture of 75%UDMH(unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine)and 25%hydrazine hydrate)are the best-known hydrazine mixtures with different hydrazine concentrations.The review addresses the use of hydrazine and its derivatives as fuel.Hydrazine is employed in fuel cells(with air oxygen as an oxidizer)to generate electrochemical energy for transport vehicles.Hydrazine is widely used as monopropellant to design low-thrust rocket engines for orientation and stabilization systems in space vehicles,as well as in energy units.The review also addresses such hydrazine derivatives as methylhydrazine,1,1-dimethylhydrazine,hydrazine monoperchlorate,hydrazine diperchlorate,hydrazine diammonium tetraperchlorate,hydrazine mononitrate,hydrazine dinitrate,hydrazine nitroformate,hydrazine azides,tetrafluorohydrazine,etc.as well as composite propellants,and gel rocket propellants based on hydrazine.The materials in the review can be used as reference information on hydrazine fuels.